A Read that Compares and Contrasts APUSH Period 1–7 Vocabulary

With a focus on the words, terms, and phrases that are either expressly mentioned in the P1–7 Key Concepts or logically flow from it.

This read contains nearly 100 “APUSH vocabulary groupings,” with each grouping containing at least one P1–7 “need-to-know” word, term, or phrase.

I plan to put this read in front of my students when we begin to review for the annual exam.

The read was published in 2023 in collaboration with ChatGPT and upgraded recently with various “review tables.”

Grouping #1

Mexican American War
Spanish American War

Here’s a brief overview of the results of the Mexican-American War and the Spanish-American War:

• Mexican-American War: The Mexican-American War was fought between 1846 and 1848, primarily over the disputed border between Texas and Mexico. The United States emerged victorious from the conflict, and as a result, gained control of a significant amount of territory that had previously been part of Mexico. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war, recognized the annexation of Texas by the United States and ceded California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, and Oklahoma to the United States. This acquisition of new territory significantly expanded the United States’ territory, and also raised questions about the future of slavery in these new territories, ultimately leading to further political and social conflict in the years to come.
• Spanish-American War: The Spanish-American War was fought in 1898 between the United States and Spain, largely over Spanish colonial possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The United States emerged victorious from the conflict, and as a result, gained control of several Spanish colonial territories, including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The United States also acquired control of Cuba, although it was granted nominal independence following the war. The Spanish-American War marked a turning point in American foreign policy, as it marked the United States’ emergence as a global military and economic power. However, it also led to increased controversy and debate over American imperialism and the role of the United States in world affairs.

Treaty of Paris ending The Spanish-American War

Grouping #2

Exodusters
The First and Second Great Migration
Mormon Trail Pioneers

Exodusters: The term “Exoduster” refers to a group of African Americans who migrated from the Southern United States to Kansas in the late 19th century, following the Civil War and the end of slavery. The Exodusters were motivated by a desire to escape the oppressive conditions of the post-Civil War South, including racial discrimination, violence, and poverty. Many saw Kansas as a promised land, where they could start new lives free from the racial discrimination they faced in the South.

The First and Second Great Migration: The First Great Migration refers to the movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North between 1910 and 1930. This migration was driven by several factors, including the availability of industrial jobs in the North, the rise of the Jim Crow laws in the South, and the desire for better educational and economic opportunities. The Second Great Migration took place between 1940 and 1970 and saw a large number of African Americans move from the South to Northern and Western cities. This migration was driven in part by the demand for workers in the defense industry during World War II and by the desire for greater civil rights and political power.

Mormon Trail Pioneers: The Mormon Trail refers to the path taken by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) as they migrated from the Midwest to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah in the mid-19th century. The Mormons faced persecution and violence in the Midwest, largely due to their religious beliefs and practices, and sought a new home in the West where they could practice their religion in peace. The Mormon Trail Pioneers faced many challenges on their journey, including harsh weather, difficult terrain, and conflicts with Native American tribes. Despite these challenges, the Mormons persevered and established a thriving community in Utah.

The Great Migration

Grouping #3

13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment

All three are often referred to as the Reconstructio Amendments

• The 13th Amendment, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. This amendment was a critical step in the fight for African American civil rights, as it eliminated the legal basis for slavery and laid the groundwork for further reforms.
• The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including African Americans. It also guaranteed equal protection under the law and due process of law, and prohibited states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. This amendment was designed to protect the civil rights of African Americans and other marginalized groups.
• The 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, prohibited states from denying citizens the right to vote based on their race, color, or previous condition of servitude. This amendment was a major milestone in the struggle for African American suffrage, as it overrode discriminatory state laws that had previously prevented African Americans from voting.

Despite the passage of these amendments, however, African Americans continued to face significant barriers to full citizenship and equality in the decades following Reconstruction. It wasn’t until the Civil Rights Movement of the mid-20th century that many of these barriers were finally dismantled, through a combination of legal challenges, grassroots activism, and political advocacy.

Grouping #4

Literacy Test
Poll Tax
KKK

Here’s some information about each of these topics in the context of voter suppression:

• Literacy Tests: Literacy tests were a common form of voter suppression used in many parts of the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the South. These tests required prospective voters to demonstrate a certain level of literacy and knowledge in order to vote, and were often used to disqualify African Americans and other marginalized groups from voting. The tests were often biased and unfair, and were designed to be impossible to pass for many people. This effectively prevented many African Americans from exercising their right to vote, and helped to maintain white supremacist power structures in the South.
• Poll Taxes: Poll taxes were another common form of voter suppression used in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These taxes required voters to pay a fee in order to cast their ballots, effectively disenfranchising low-income individuals and African Americans, who often could not afford to pay the tax. Poll taxes were widely used in the South as a means of suppressing African American voter turnout, and were not abolished until the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1964.
• KKK: The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is a white supremacist organization that has been involved in voter suppression tactics throughout its history. During the Reconstruction era in the South, the KKK used violence and intimidation to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote. This included lynching, arson, and other forms of violence, as well as threatening letters and other forms of intimidation.

Grouping #5

16th Amendment
17th Amendment
18th Amendment
19th Amendment
20th Amendment

Here’s a brief overview of each of these amendments (sometimes referred to as the Progressive Era Amendments:

• The 16th Amendment: The 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1913 and established Congress’s power to levy a federal income tax. This amendment gave the federal government a new source of revenue and enabled it to fund programs and initiatives that would have been impossible without a stable source of income. The income tax has remained an important part of the U.S. tax system ever since.
• The 17th Amendment: The 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1913 and established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote. Prior to the amendment, Senators were elected by state legislatures. The amendment gave citizens a more direct say in their government and helped to reduce corruption and political influence in the Senate.
• The 18th Amendment: The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1919 and established Prohibition, which banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The amendment was intended to reduce social problems associated with alcohol, such as drunkenness, domestic violence, and crime. However, Prohibition was ultimately a failure and was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933.
• The 19th Amendment: The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1920 and established women’s suffrage, giving women the right to vote in all elections. The amendment was the result of decades of activism by women’s rights advocates, and was a major milestone in the fight for gender equality.
• The 20th Amendment: The 20th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1933 and established the beginning and ending dates for the terms of the President and Congress. The amendment shortened the period between the president's election and inauguration and established a fixed date for the start of congressional sessions. The amendment helped to ensure a smooth transition of power between administrations and has been an important part of U.S. politics ever since.

Grouping #6

Confederate Form of Government*
Federal Form of Government*
Unitary From of Government*

Confederate Form of Government: A Confederate form of government is a form of government in which the state government has more power than the federal government. In a confederate government, the federal (aka central or national) government has limited powers, and most of the decision-making authority is held by the individual member states or territories. The central government’s primary role is to coordinate and regulate the activities of the member states or territories. Examples of Confederate governments include the Confederate States of America, which existed during the American Civil War, and the government that existed in America prior to the ratification of the US Constitution and which was created by the Articles of Confederation.

Federal Form of Government: A federal form of government is one in which the federal government and the state governments share some power.

• Taxation: Both the central government and the individual states have the power to levy taxes. The central government may collect taxes on income, customs duties, and other excise taxes, while the states may levy sales taxes, property taxes, and other taxes within their borders.
• Law Enforcement: Both the central government and the states have the power to enforce laws within their jurisdiction. Federal law enforcement agencies, such as the FBI and the DEA, are responsible for investigating and enforcing federal laws, while state and local law enforcement agencies are responsible for enforcing state and local laws
• Public Welfare: The central government and the states share responsibility for promoting the public welfare. The federal government provides social welfare programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security, while the states may provide assistance programs such as food stamps and public housing.
• Transportation: Both the central government and the states have the power to regulate transportation. The federal government regulates interstate commerce and transportation, while the states regulate transportation within their borders.
• Environmental Regulation: Both the central government and the states have the power to regulate the environment. The federal government regulates issues that affect the entire country, such as air and water pollution, while the states regulate environmental issues within their borders.
• Education: Education is primarily the responsibility of the states, but the federal government also promotes and funds it. The federal government provides funding for education programs such as Head Start and Pell Grants, while the states are responsible for funding and managing their own education systems.

Unitary Form of Government: A unitary form of government is a form of government where the federal government has more power than the states. The central government has the authority to make decisions that affect the entire country, and smaller political units, such as states or provinces, have limited power and authority. The central government is responsible for regulating all aspects of public policy, including economic, social, and political issues. Examples of a unitary government include Britain during the colonial years.

Grouping #7

Salient features of the Articles of Confederation
Salient fearures of the U.S. Constitution

Salient Features of the Articles of Confederation:

• Unicameral Legislature: The Articles of Confederation established a unicameral legislature, known as the Congress of the Confederation. Each state was represented by one delegate, and each state had one vote in Congress.
• Limited Federal Powers: The Articles of Confederation granted limited powers to the federal government. The central government had no power to tax, regulate trade, or raise an army. It could only make requests of the states to provide troops or funds.
• Sovereign States: The states were considered sovereign entities under the Articles of Confederation. Each state retained its own government and had the power to regulate its own internal affairs.
• Weak Central Government: The central government under the Articles of Confederation was weak, as it lacked the power to enforce its laws or carry out its duties effectively. It relied on the cooperation of the states to function.

Salient Features of the US Constitution:
Bicameral Legislature: The US Constitution established a bicameral legislature, with the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each state is represented in Congress based on population, with the House of Representatives having proportional representation and the Senate having equal representation.

• Separation of Powers: The US Constitution established three separate branches of government — the legislative (which makes the laws), the executive (which enforces/executes the laws, and the judicial (which interprets the laws)
• Federalism: The US Constitution established a federal system of government, with power shared between the federal government and the states. The federal government was given certain enumerated powers, while the states retained all powers not granted to the federal government
• Checks and balances: Under the system of checks and balances, each branch of government has the ability to check the powers of the other branches, preventing any one branch from becoming too dominant. For example: The legislative branch (Congress) can check the power of the executive branch (the President) by impeaching the President or other executive officials, overriding a presidential veto with a two-thirds vote, and controlling the budget. The executive branch can check the power of the legislative branch by vetoing legislation and proposing its own legislation, as well as using executive orders and the power of the veto to influence policy. The judicial branch (Supreme Court) can check the power of the legislative and executive branches by interpreting the Constitution and striking down laws or executive actions that are deemed unconstitutional.
• Amendment process: The US Constitution provides for an amendment process, which allows for changes to be made to the Constitution over time. The amendment process is outlined in Article V of the Constitution and requires the following steps: Proposal: An amendment can be proposed either by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress or by a convention called for by two-thirds of the state legislatures Ratification: After an amendment is proposed, it must be ratified by three-fourths of the states (either through their state legislatures or through state conventions) in order to become part of the Constitution. The amendment process is intentionally difficult, requiring significant support from both the federal government and the states. This helps to ensure that changes to the Constitution are carefully considered and that the Constitution remains a stable and enduring document. Since the Constitution’s adoption in 1787, it has been amended 27 times, with the most recent amendment, the 27th Amendment, ratified in 1992.
• Bill of Rights: The US Constitution includes a Bill of Rights, which outlines individual rights and protections that the federal government cannot infringe upon. The Bill of Rights includes the First Amendment’s protections of free speech, religion, and the press, as well as the Fourth Amendment’s protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, among others.

The Three Branches of Government

Grouping #8

Emancipation Proclamation
13th Amendment

The Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment were both important measures taken during the Civil War and Reconstruction era that aimed to abolish slavery in the United States. Here’s a brief overview of each:

• The Emancipation Proclamation: The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the Civil War. The proclamation declared that all slaves in Confederate states who were still in rebellion against the United States were to be freed. However, it did not apply to slaves in states that were still loyal to the Union, and it did not actually free any slaves immediately. Instead, the Emancipation Proclamation was a symbolic gesture that helped to turn the tide of public opinion in favor of abolition and helped to give the Union cause a moral justification for fighting the war.
• The 13th Amendment: The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1865 and officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States. It was a direct result of the Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation and was a major milestone in the struggle for civil rights and racial equality. The amendment also granted Congress the power to enforce the abolition of slavery through legislation and has been used as the legal basis for numerous civil rights laws and court decisions over the years.

Grouping #9

Thomas Jefferson’s Vision for America
Alexander Hamilton’s Vision for America

Thomas Jefferson’s Vision for America: Thomas Jefferson was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and the third President of the United States. He had a vision for America that emphasized individual liberty, democracy, and agrarianism. Jefferson believed that the best government was one that governed least and that individual liberty was paramount. He also believed in the importance of a decentralized government with power resting primarily in the hands of the states. Jefferson was a strong proponent of agriculture and believed that the economy of the United States should be based on farming. He also supported the idea of westward expansion and believed that the United States should expand its territory to the Pacific Ocean.

Alexander Hamilton’s Vision for America: Alexander Hamilton was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and the first Secretary of the Treasury under President George Washington. He had a vision for America that emphasized a strong central government, industrialization, and a strong economy. Hamilton believed that a strong central government was necessary to provide stability and security to the nation. He also believed in the importance of a diversified economy with a strong industrial sector. Hamilton was a proponent of the national bank and believed that it was necessary for the government to have a central bank to regulate the economy. He also supported protective tariffs to protect American industries from foreign competition. Hamilton’s vision for America was one that emphasized a strong, centralized government that supported economic growth and development.

Grouping #10

Henry Clay’s Vision for America
Andrew Jackson’s Vision for America

Henry Clay’s Vision for America: Henry Clay was a prominent American politician in the 19th century and a member of the United States Congress. He had a vision for America that emphasized economic development and national unity. Clay believed in the American System, which was a set of policies that aimed to promote American industry, internal improvements, and a strong national bank. He also believed in a strong federal government that could regulate commerce and promote economic growth. Clay supported the idea of a protective tariff to protect American industries from foreign competition, and he also advocated for federal funding of internal improvements, such as roads and canals, to promote economic development and national unity. Clay’s vision for America was one that emphasized economic growth, industrial development, and a strong federal government.

Andrew Jackson’s Vision for America: Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States and had a vision for America that emphasized individual liberty and democracy. Jackson believed that the government should be accountable to the people and that the president should represent the interests of the common people. He was a strong supporter of states’ rights and believed that the federal government should have limited powers. Jackson was also a proponent of a strict interpretation of the Constitution and believed that the federal government should only have those powers that were explicitly granted to it by the Constitution. He was a staunch opponent of the national bank and vetoed its recharter, believing that it was a tool of the wealthy elite and was detrimental to the interests of the common people. Jackson’s vision for America was one that emphasized individual liberty, democracy, and limited government.

Grouping #11

Navigation Acts
Sugar Act
Stamp Act
Tea Act
Coercive Acts

The Navigation Acts, Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Tea Act, and Coercive Acts are a series of laws and policies enacted by the British government in the 17th and 18th centuries that contributed to increasing tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain, ultimately leading to the American Revolution.

1. Navigation Acts: The Navigation Acts were a series of laws passed by the British Parliament between 1651 and 1696 that regulated colonial trade to favor British merchants and shippers. The Acts required that colonial goods be shipped on British ships and sold only in British ports. These regulations angered colonists, who resented the restrictions on their trade and commerce.
2. Sugar Act: The Sugar Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1764 and was designed to raise revenue by increasing the duty on sugar imported into the colonies. The Act also placed new restrictions on trade, particularly with the French and Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. Colonists were outraged by the Act, which they saw as an infringement on their rights and a violation of their traditional economic freedoms.
3. Stamp Act: The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1765 and required all legal documents, newspapers, and other printed materials to carry a government stamp, which had to be purchased from British officials. The Act was designed to raise revenue to pay for the costs of defending the colonies. Colonists saw the Act as an assault on their rights and freedoms, and widespread protests and boycotts forced the repeal of the Act a year later.
4. Tea Act: The Tea Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1773 and granted a monopoly on tea sales to the British East India Company. The Act allowed the company to sell tea directly to the colonies, bypassing colonial merchants and also imposed new taxes on tea. Colonists responded with the Boston Tea Party, a dramatic protest in which colonists disguised as Native Americans dumped tea into Boston Harbor.
5. Coercive Acts: The Coercive Acts, also known as the Intolerable Acts, were a series of punitive measures enacted by the British Parliament in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. The Acts closed the port of Boston, suspended Massachusetts’ charter, and increased the power of the royal governor. These Acts provoked widespread outrage among colonists and helped to fuel the drive toward independence.

Grouping #12

Worcester v. Georgia
Dawes Act

Worcester v. Georgia and the Dawes Act were both significant in shaping the relationship between the US government and Indigenous peoples in the 19th century. Here’s a brief overview of each:

• Worcester v. Georgia: Worcester v. Georgia was a landmark Supreme Court case in 1832 that involved the Cherokee Nation and the state of Georgia. The case centered around the issue of state authority over Native American lands. The Supreme Court ruled that the state of Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Cherokee Nation and that the Cherokee Nation was a distinct political community with sovereign rights. However, despite the ruling, the state of Georgia refused to recognize the decision, and the federal government failed to enforce it. The case highlighted the ongoing conflict between the federal government, the states, and Native American nations over land and sovereignty.
• The Dawes Act: The Dawes Act, also known as the General Allotment Act, was passed by Congress in 1887 and aimed to assimilate Indigenous peoples into mainstream American society. The act authorized the US government to divide tribal lands into individual allotments for Native American families, with the goal of encouraging private land ownership and farming. The act also required Native American children to attend boarding schools run by the federal government, where they were forced to abandon their culture and language and assimilate into mainstream American culture. The Dawes Act ultimately had devastating consequences for Indigenous communities, as it led to the loss of tribal land, the breakdown of traditional social structures, and the erosion of Indigenous cultures.

Grouping #13

Whiskey Rebellion
Metacom’s War*
Shays Rebellion
Turner’s Rebellion
John Brown’s Harper Ferry Raid
Stono Rebellion
Pueblo Revolt*
Bacon’s Rebellion

All important rebellions that occurred in American history.

• The Whiskey Rebellion: The Whiskey Rebellion occurred in 1791–1794 in response to a tax on distilled spirits imposed by the U.S. government. The rebellion was mainly centered in western Pennsylvania, where farmers and distillers saw the tax as unfair and burdensome. The government ultimately put down the rebellion, but it highlighted tensions between the federal government and citizens over taxation and representation
• Metacom’s War: Metacom’s War, also known as King Philip’s War, took place in 1675–1676 in New England between Native American tribes and English colonists. The war was sparked by tensions over land and resources, as well as cultural differences. The conflict resulted in a significant loss of life on both sides, with Native American tribes ultimately being defeated and losing their land to the English.
• Shays Rebellion: Shays Rebellion occurred in 1786–1787 in Massachusetts and was led by farmers who were facing economic hardships and high taxes. The rebellion was named after its leader, Daniel Shays, who was a former Revolutionary War captain. The rebellion was eventually put down by the state militia, but it highlighted the need for a stronger federal government to maintain order and protect citizens.
• Turner’s Rebellion: Turner’s Rebellion, also known as the Southampton Insurrection, took place in 1831 in Virginia and was led by enslaved African American Nat Turner. The rebellion was a response to the brutal treatment of enslaved people and the desire for freedom. The rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful, and Turner and several others were executed.
• John Brown’s Harper Ferry Raid: The abolitionist John Brown led the raid in 1859 in Virginia. Brown and his followers seized a federal armory in Harper’s Ferry, hoping to inspire a slave rebellion. However, the rebellion failed, and Brown was captured and executed. The raid increased tensions between pro- and anti-slavery forces in the lead-up to the American Civil War.
• The Stono Rebellion: The Stono Rebellion occurred in 1739 in South Carolina and was led by enslaved Africans who were seeking freedom. The rebellion resulted in the deaths of many white colonists, and the rebels were ultimately defeated by the colonial militia. The rebellion led to stricter laws and codes governing enslaved people in the colonies.
• The Pueblo Revolt: The Pueblo Revolt occurred in 1680 in New Mexico and was led by Native American leaders who were seeking to overthrow Spanish colonial rule. The revolt was successful, and the Native Americans were able to drive the Spanish out of the region for several years. However, the Spanish eventually regained control of the territory and imposed harsher restrictions on Native American communities
• Bacon’s Rebellion: Bacon’s Rebellion occurred in 1676 in Virginia and was led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy farmer who was angry about the governor’s policies towards Native Americans. The rebellion was ultimately successful in forcing the governor to resign, but it also highlighted tensions between wealthy landowners and poor farmers in the colonies. The rebellion also led to stricter controls on enslaved Africans and Native Americans in Virginia.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Grouping #14

Federalists*
Anti Federalists*

Federalists and Anti-Federalists were two opposing political factions in the early years of the United States. Here’s a brief overview of each:

• The Federalists: The Federalist Party was founded in the 1790s by Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, and other supporters of a strong federal government. The party favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution, a strong national bank, and a national industrial and commercial economy. They believed that a strong central government was necessary to provide stability and promote economic growth. During the presidency of George Washington (1789–1797), the Federalist Party held power and implemented policies such as the establishment of a national bank, the creation of a federal revenue system, and the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. The party also supported a pro-British foreign policy and was generally opposed to the French Revolution.
• The Anti-Federalists: The Anti-Federalist movement emerged in the late 1780s in opposition to the ratification of the United States Constitution. The Anti-Federalists were concerned that the Constitution granted too much power to the federal government and that it did not adequately protect the rights of the individual states and citizens. They favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution, a weak federal government, and a decentralized economy. Although the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in preventing the ratification of the Constitution, their concerns led to the adoption of the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed individual liberties and protected the rights of the states. Many Anti-Federalists later became members of the Democratic-Republican Party.

Grouping #15

Democratic-Republicans
Jeffersonian Republicans

Democratic-Republicans and Jeffersonian Republicans are two names for the same political party that was founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the late 18th century. Here’s a brief overview of the party:

Democratic-Republicans/Jeffersonian Republicans: The Democratic-Republican Party was founded in 1792 by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison as an opposition party to the Federalist Party, which was led by Alexander Hamilton. The party was based on a vision of limited federal government, states’ rights, and an agrarian economy. They favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution and opposed the Federalist Party’s views on centralized government, a national bank, and an industrial economy.

During Thomas Jefferson's presidency (1801–1809), the Democratic-Republican Party held power and implemented policies such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and the Embargo Act. The party also opposed the Federalist Party’s views on foreign policy and supported a policy of neutrality in European conflicts.

The Democratic-Republican Party remained a major political force throughout the early 19th century and eventually evolved into the modern Democratic Party.

Grouping #16

Declaration of Sentiments
The Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Sentiments and the Declaration of Independence are two important documents in American history that share some similarities but have some key differences. Here’s a brief overview of each:

• The Declaration of Sentiments: The Declaration of Sentiments was a document signed in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention by a group of women’s rights activists led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The document was modeled after the Declaration of Independence and argued that women were entitled to the same rights and freedoms as men, including the right to vote. The document listed various grievances against men and the legal system, and demanded that women be given full political and legal equality with men. The Declaration of Sentiments is often seen as a major milestone in the women’s suffrage movement, and inspired similar movements around the world.
• The Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independence was a document adopted by the Continental Congress in 1776 that announced the 13 American colonies’ separation from Great Britain. The document was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson and listed various grievances against King George III and the British government, arguing that they had violated the colonists’ natural rights. The Declaration of Independence asserted that all men were created equal and had the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and that governments derived their power from the consent of the governed. The document served as a justification for the American Revolution and has been a major influence on democratic movements around the world.

Grouping #17

Patriot
Loyalist

During the American Revolution, Patriots and Loyalists were two opposing groups with different views about the war and the British government.

• Patriots: Patriots were American colonists who supported the cause of independence and opposed British rule. They believed that the British government was tyrannical and that the American colonies should have greater self-government. Enlightenment ideas about natural rights, representative government, and the social contract inspired many Patriots. Patriots organized protests and boycotts against British taxes and policies and eventually formed the Continental Army to fight for independence.
• Loyalists: Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British government during the Revolution. They believed that the British government had a legitimate claim to rule the colonies and that the Patriots were acting illegally and irresponsibly. Loyalists included a variety of people, such as wealthy merchants, Anglican clergy, and enslaved people who had been promised freedom by the British if they fought for the Crown. Loyalists faced persecution and violence from the Patriots, and many were forced to flee to Canada or other British colonies.

The Patriot-Loyalist divide was a major factor in the American Revolution, creating deep social, economic, and political divisions that lasted long after the war was over.

Grouping #18

Election of Thomas Jefferson
Election of Andrew Jackson
Election of James Polk
Election of Abraham Lincoln
Election of Theodore Rosevelt
Election of Woodrow Wilson
Election of Franklin Roosevelt
Election of Lyndon Johnson
Election of Ronald Reagan

• The Election of Thomas Jefferson: Thomas Jefferson’s election was significant because it marked the first peaceful transfer of power between two different political parties in American history. It was also significant because it demonstrated the people's power to choose their leaders through the democratic process and set a precedent for future presidential elections.
• Election of Andrew Jackson: This election was a turning point in American politics, as it marked the rise of the Democratic Party and the beginning of a more populist approach to government. Jackson, a war hero and self-made man, appealed to the common people and sought to dismantle the power of the elite. His presidency was marked by controversial policies like the Indian Removal Act and a veto of the Bank of the United States, which cemented his reputation as a champion of the people
• Election of James Polk: The election of 1844 was important because it was a critical turning point in American history. It was fought largely over the issue of territorial expansion, with Polk’s victory leading to the annexation of Texas and the acquisition of Oregon, which expanded American territory to the Pacific Ocean.
• Election of Abraham Lincoln: The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 was a pivotal moment in American history. It sparked the secession of several southern states and ultimately led to the Civil War. Lincoln’s election was significant because he was a vocal opponent of slavery, and his victory signaled that the abolitionist movement had gained significant political power.
• Election of Theodore Roosevelt: The election of Theodore Roosevelt in 1904 was significant because it marked the beginning of the Progressive Era in American politics. Roosevelt was a reformer who sought to address issues like corruption, monopolies, and inequality, and his presidency set the stage for many of the social and political changes that would take place in the early 20th century.
• Election of Woodrow Wilson: The election of Woodrow Wilson in 1912 was important because it marked the beginning of America’s involvement in World War I. Wilson’s presidency was defined by his efforts to bring about peace and democracy in Europe. He played a critical role in the creation of the League of Nations, which was intended to prevent future wars.
• Election of Franklin Roosevelt: Franklin Roosevelt's election in 1932 was significant because it marked the beginning of the New Deal, a series of policies and programs designed to address the economic challenges of the Great Depression. Roosevelt’s presidency also saw America’s entry into World War II, and his leadership during this time helped to shape the course of world history.
• Election of Lyndon Johnson: Lyndon B. Johnson's election in 1964 was significant because it marked a turning point in the civil rights movement. Johnson was a strong supporter of civil rights, and his presidency saw the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
• Election of Ronald Reagan: Ronald Reagan's election in 1980 was important because it marked a shift in American politics toward conservatism and free-market economics. Reagan’s presidency was defined by his efforts to cut taxes, reduce government spending, and increase military spending, and his policies helped to shape the direction of American politics for decades to come.

Grouping #19

Boston Tea Party
Boston Massacre

The Boston Tea Party and the Boston Massacre were two key events leading up to the American Revolution that took place in Boston, Massachusetts.

• The Boston Tea Party: The Boston Tea Party occurred on December 16, 1773, when a group of Patriots dressed as Native Americans boarded three British ships in Boston Harbor and dumped over 300 chests of tea into the water. The event was a protest against the Tea Act, which had granted the British East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade in the colonies and imposed a tax on tea. The Boston Tea Party was a dramatic act of civil disobedience that demonstrated the colonists’ anger and resistance to British authority, and it helped to galvanize support for the American Revolution.
• The Boston Massacre: The Boston Massacre occurred on March 5, 1770, when a group of colonists gathered outside the Customs House in Boston to protest British troops. The troops, who had been sent to enforce British laws and maintain order, were taunted and harassed by the crowd. In the ensuing chaos, shots were fired and five colonists were killed, including Crispus Attucks, a black man who has been celebrated as a martyr to the cause of American independence. The Boston Massacre was a tragic event that inflamed tensions between the colonists and the British government, and it was widely publicized by Patriot propaganda as evidence of British tyranny and oppression.

Overall, the Boston Tea Party and the Boston Massacre were both significant events that contributed to the growing sense of resistance to British rule among American colonists.

Grouping #20

Missouri Compromise (1820)
Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

• Missouri Compromise (1820): The Missouri Compromise was a legislative agreement that aimed to maintain a balance of power between free and slave states in the United States. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and established a boundary line (the 36°30' parallel) that prohibited slavery north of it.
• Compromise of 1850: The Compromise of 1850 was a series of legislative measures that aimed to resolve disputes over slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico. It admitted California as a free state, abolished the slave trade in Washington D.C., established popular sovereignty (allowing settlers to decide whether to allow slavery) in New Mexico and Utah territories, and strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act.
• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a controversial piece of legislation that repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed popular sovereignty to determine whether the territories of Kansas and Nebraska would allow slavery. The act led to a violent conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas, known as “Bleeding Kansas,” and contributed to the growing tension between the North and the South that would ultimately lead to the Civil War.

The Compromise of 1850

Grouping #21

First Great Awakening*
Second Great Awakening*

The First and Second Great Awakenings were two important religious movements that occurred in American history. Here is a brief overview of each:

• The First Great Awakening: The First Great Awakening, which occurred from the 1730s to the 1740s, was a revivalist movement that swept through the American colonies. It was characterized by emotional preaching, personal conversion experiences, and a focus on individual piety. The movement was led by prominent ministers such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards, and it had a significant impact on American religious and cultural life.
• The Second Great Awakening: The Second Great Awakening occurred in the early 19th century, from around 1800 to 1840, and was a response to the religious skepticism and rationalism of the Enlightenment. The movement was characterized by a focus on personal salvation, the importance of individual conscience, and an emphasis on social reform. The movement was led by prominent preachers such as Charles Finney and Lyman Beecher, and it had a significant impact on American religious and social life, contributing to the rise of new religious denominations, the growth of social reform movements such as abolitionism and temperance, and the emergence of new forms of religious expression, such as camp meetings and revivals.

Grouping #22

First Political Party System
Second Political Party System

The First and Second Political Party Systems were two important periods in American political history, characterized by the emergence of distinct political parties and the development of party politics. Here is a brief overview of each:

• The First Political Party System: The First Political Party System emerged in the 1790s and lasted until the early 1820s. It was dominated by two political parties: the Federalist Party, which was led by Alexander Hamilton and favored a strong federal government and a pro-business agenda, and the Democratic-Republican Party, which was led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison and favored a weaker federal government and an agrarian, pro-farmer agenda. The First Party System was marked by intense political competition, with the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans engaged in bitter partisan battles over issues such as the role of the federal government, foreign policy, and the economy.
• The Second Political Party System: The Second Political Party System emerged in the 1820s and lasted until the 1850s. It was dominated by two new political parties: the Whig Party, which was led by Henry Clay and favored a pro-business, protectionist agenda, and the Democratic Party, which was led by Andrew Jackson and favored a more populist, pro-farmer agenda. The Second Party System was marked by intense political competition, with the Whigs and Democrats engaged in bitter partisan battles over issues such as the role of the federal government, economic policy, and slavery. The Second Party System also saw the emergence of new forms of political organization, such as party conventions and mass political rallies, which helped to mobilize and energize voters.

Grouping #23

Middle Colonies*
New England Colonies*
Southern Colonies*
Chesapeake Colonies*

The American colonies were divided into four regions: the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, the Southern Colonies, and the Chesapeake Colonies. Each region had its own distinct geography, climate, economy, and social structure.

• The New England Colonies: The New England Colonies included Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. These colonies were located in the northeastern region of the colonies, and they had a cold, rocky climate that was not ideal for agriculture. Instead, the New England Colonies relied on fishing, shipbuilding, and trade. Boston and Providence are two modern-day cities in the New England Colonies. The New England Colonies were also known for their Puritan religious values and emphasis on education.
• The Middle Colonies: The Middle Colonies included Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. These colonies were located in the mid-Atlantic region of the colonies, and they had a more moderate climate and fertile soil that was good for farming. The Middle Colonies produced wheat, corn, and other grains, as well as livestock and dairy products. Philadelphia and New York City are two modern-day cities in the Middle Colonies. The Middle Colonies were known for their religious and ethnic diversity and commitment to religious tolerance.
• The Southern Colonies: The Southern Colonies included Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. These colonies were located in the southern region of the colonies, and they had a warm, humid climate that was ideal for agriculture. The Southern Colonies produced tobacco, rice, and indigo, which were all cash crops that were exported to Europe. Richmond and Charleston are two modern-day cities in the Southern Colonies. The Southern Colonies were known for their reliance on slavery and their hierarchical social structure, which was based on race and wealth.
• The Chesapeake Colonies included Virginia and Maryland. These colonies were located in the Chesapeake Bay region of the colonies, and they had a similar climate and economy to the Southern Colonies. The Chesapeake Colonies were known for their tobacco plantations and their reliance on indentured servants and later, enslaved Africans. Richmond and Annapolis are two modern-day cities in the Chesapeake Colonies.

Overall, the different regions of the colonies had different economies and social structures that were shaped by their geography and climate. Each region played a unique role in the development of the United States and its economy.

Grouping #24

Spanish Colonization*
English Coloniziation*
French Colonization*
Dutch Colonization*

Spanish Colonizers in present-day US: The Spanish colonized parts of what is now the United States in the 16th and 17th centuries, primarily in the Southwest and Southeast regions. They sought to establish settlements and missions to convert Native Americans to Christianity and expand their empire. The Spanish generally had a hostile relationship with the Native Americans, and they often subjugated them through violence, forced labor, and disease. The Spanish brought their own women to the colonies, but they also intermarried with Native Americans and Africans to create a diverse mestizo population.

English Colonizers in present-day US: The English established colonies in what is now the United States in the early 17th century, primarily in the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Southeast regions. They sought to establish permanent settlements for trade, farming, and religious freedom. The English generally had a contentious relationship with the Native Americans, and they often displaced them from their land through warfare, treaties, and forced removal. The English brought their own women to the colonies, but they also encouraged immigration and the growth of families to establish a stable population.

French Colonizers in present-day US: The French established colonies in what is now the United States in the 17th and 18th centuries, primarily in the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi Valley, and the Gulf Coast. They sought to establish trading posts and alliances with Native American tribes to expand their fur trade and influence in North America. The French generally had a more cooperative relationship with the Native Americans, and they often intermarried with them to create a mixed-race population. The French brought fewer women to the colonies, and they generally did not seek to establish permanent settlements, but rather to establish a profitable trade network.

Dutch Colonization

Grouping #25

Territory acquired as a result of the Mexican Cession
Territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase
Territory acquired as a result of the Revolutionary War
Territory acquired as a result of the Spanish American War
Territory acquired as a result of the French and Indian War

The territory acquired as a result of the Mexican Cession: The territory acquired by the Mexican Cession refers to the lands that the United States acquired from Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, following the Mexican-American War. These lands included present-day California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming.

The territory acquired as a result of the Louisiana Purchase: The Louisiana Purchase refers to the acquisition of approximately 827,000 square miles of land from France in 1803, during Thomas Jefferson's presidency. This territory included all or part of 15 present-day U.S. states, including Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and Oregon.

The territory acquired as a result of the Revolutionary War: The Revolutionary War did not result in the acquisition of new territory for the United States, but it did secure independence from Great Britain and led to the establishment of the United States as a new nation. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the war and recognized the United States as a sovereign nation, with its borders extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River.

The territory acquired as a result of the Spanish-American War: The Spanish-American War resulted in the United States acquiring several territories from Spain, including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The United States also acquired temporary control of Cuba, although it was granted independence shortly thereafter. These territories marked the emergence of the United States as an imperial power and raised questions about the country’s role in global affairs.

The territory acquired as a result of the French and Indian War. See map below

The Louisiana Territory

Grouping #26

Mexican Cession
Southern Secession

The Mexican Cession: The Mexican Cession refers to the territories that Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, following the Mexican-American War. These territories included present-day California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. The acquisition of the Mexican Cession significantly expanded the territory of the United States, but it also raised questions about the expansion of slavery into these new territories and the rights of Mexican Americans living in these areas.

The Southern Secession: Southern Secession refers to the secession of 11 Southern states from the United States in 1860–1861, leading to the formation of the Confederate States of America. The Southern states seceded primarily in response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as president, whom they viewed as a threat to their way of life and the institution of slavery. The secession crisis led to the outbreak of the Civil War, which lasted from 1861–1865 and resulted in the defeat of the Confederacy and the reunification of the United States. The legacy of Southern Secession and the Civil War continues to influence American society and politics to this day.

Grouping #27

Plessy v. Ferguson
Brown v. Board of Education
Dred Scott

Plessy v. Ferguson: Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark Supreme Court case in 1896 that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws, specifically “separate but equal” accommodations for African Americans and whites on public transportation. The case solidified the concept of “separate but equal” and provided legal justification for the segregation of public facilities, schools, and other institutions until the Supreme Court overturned the precedent in Brown v. Board of Education.

Brown v. Board of Education: Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark Supreme Court case in 1954 that overturned the precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The decision of the court was unanimous, stating that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and violated the 14th Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law. The case was a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement and paved the way for the desegregation of other public institutions.

Dred Scott: Dred Scott was an enslaved man who sued for his freedom in a landmark Supreme Court case in 1857. The court ruled that enslaved individuals were not citizens and, therefore, could not sue in federal courts. Additionally, the court held that Congress could not prohibit slavery in any territory, effectively invalidating the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The decision was widely criticized and helped to intensify the national debate over slavery leading up to the Civil War.

Grouping #28

First Industrial Revolution in America
Second Industrial Revolution in America

The First Industrial Revolution in America occurred between the late 18th century and mid-19th century. This period was characterized by the transition from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing and the growth of factories. Some of the significant developments during this period include the mechanization of textile production, the invention of the steam engine, the growth of transportation infrastructure (e.g., railroads), and the development of interchangeable parts manufacturing. The first American factory was established in Rhode Island in 1793, and the country’s economy gradually shifted from an agrarian to an industrial one.

The Second Industrial Revolution in America occurred between the late 19th century and early 20th century, and a significant increase in the scale and scope of manufacturing characterized it. Some of the significant developments during this period include the rise of mass production and assembly-line manufacturing, the development of new technologies (e.g., electricity and the internal combustion engine), the expansion of transportation infrastructure (e.g., highways and automobiles), and the growth of consumerism. This period saw the emergence of many famous industrialists, such as Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and Henry Ford, who played a crucial role in shaping the American economy.

Grouping #29

Market Revolution
Gilded Age

The Market Revolution refers to the economic changes that occurred in the United States during the early to mid-19th century. This period was characterized by the growth of a national market economy, with the emergence of new manufacturing techniques, transportation infrastructure, and communication technologies. This revolution led to the expansion of commercial agriculture, the growth of industry and manufacturing, and the rise of wage labor. The market revolution also brought significant changes to the social and cultural fabric of the United States, including the rise of consumerism and the development of new forms of leisure and entertainment.

The Gilded Age refers to the period in American history between the end of the Civil War and the early 20th century. This period was characterized by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and the rise of corporate power. The Gilded Age saw the emergence of new industries such as steel, oil, and railroads, and the growth of cities led to new social and political challenges. The term “gilded” refers to the period’s superficial glitz and glamour, which masked deep social and economic inequality and political corruption. This period also saw the rise of labor activism and the Progressive Movement, which aimed to reform politics, society, and the economy.

Grouping #30

Emancipation Proclamation
Proclamation of 1763

The Emancipation Proclamation and the Proclamation of 1763 are two distinct historical documents.

• The Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 1, 1863, by President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The proclamation declared that all enslaved people in the Confederate States “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” While it did not immediately free all enslaved people, it was a significant step towards the abolition of slavery in the United States.
• The Proclamation of 1763, on the other hand, was issued by King George III of Great Britain on October 7, 1763, following the end of the French and Indian War. The proclamation aimed to regulate the settlement of land west of the Appalachian Mountains, and prohibited colonists from settling in the area without permission from the British government. The proclamation was intended to prevent conflict between colonists and Native Americans, and to consolidate British control over the North American colonies.

Grouping #31

Federal Home Loan Bank Act
Federal Securities Act
Nat. Industrial Recovery Act
Social Security Act

The Federal Home Loan Bank Act, the Federal Securities Act, the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the Social Security Act are all significant pieces of legislation passed in the United States during the 1930s, a period known as the Great Depression.

The Federal Home Loan Bank Act was signed into law by President Herbert Hoover in 1932. The act created a system of 12 regional banks, which provided low-cost loans to member financial institutions for the purpose of promoting home ownership and stabilizing the housing market.

The Federal Securities Act, also passed in 1933, was the first major federal law regulating the sale of securities (stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments) in the United States. The act required companies to provide investors with accurate and complete information about their securities offerings and to register those securities with the government.

The National Industrial Recovery Act was passed in 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. The act established the National Recovery Administration, which aimed to regulate industry and labor practices in order to promote economic recovery and stability during the Great Depression. However, the act was later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935.

The Social Security Act, also passed in 1935, established a national system of old-age pensions and unemployment insurance. The act also provided for public assistance for dependent mothers and children, as well as aid to people with disabilities. The Social Security Act remains a cornerstone of the U.S. welfare system to this day.

Grouping #31

Flappers
Lowell Mill Girls

Flappers were a generation of young women who emerged in the 1920s, during the Roaring Twenties era in the United States. They were known for their fashion choices, which included short skirts, bobbed hair, and bold makeup, as well as their social behaviors, which were often seen as unconventional. Flappers rejected traditional gender roles and challenged societal norms through their independence, mobility, and pursuit of pleasure. They were associated with jazz music, dancing, and socializing in urban areas, and their lifestyle represented a break from the constraints of the Victorian era.

Lowell Mill Girls were a group of young women who worked in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the early to mid-19th century. The Lowell mills were some of the first factories in the United States, and they employed mainly young, unmarried women from rural areas. The Lowell Mill Girls were known for their labor activism and their role in the early women’s rights movement. They worked long hours under difficult conditions but were able to earn a measure of financial independence. They also organized and protested for better wages, working conditions, and hours. The Lowell Mill Girls represented a significant shift in the role of women in the American economy and society.

Grouping #33

Gilded Age Industrial Capitalists
Gilded Age Upper Class
GildedAge Middle Class
Gilded Age Child Labor
Gilded Age Working Poor
Gilded Age Underclass

The classes of society during the Gilded Age in the United States were highly stratified, with significant disparities in wealth, power, and opportunity. The following are the main classes of society during this period:

• Gilded Age Industrial Capitalists were the wealthiest Americans who owned and controlled the major industries of the period, such as steel, railroads, oil, and mining. They were also known as the Robber Barons, due to their ruthless business practices, monopolistic control over industries, and exploitation of workers.
• Gilded Age Upper Class consisted of the wealthiest Americans who owned significant amounts of property and businesses. They enjoyed an extravagant lifestyle, including luxurious homes, yachts, and private clubs. They were also involved in philanthropy, donating large sums of money to support charitable causes.
• Gilded Age Middle Class included white-collar workers, such as managers, clerks, and salespeople, who earned a comfortable income. They were able to afford consumer goods, such as automobiles, radios, and household appliances, and were active in civic and social organizations.
• Gilded Age Child Labor was widespread during the period, particularly in factories, mines, and mills. Children as young as five worked long hours under dangerous conditions, often for very low wages. Laws and reforms eventually restricted this practice.
• Gilded Age Working Poor were the blue-collar workers who labored in factories, mines, and mills. They often worked long hours under harsh and dangerous conditions for low wages. Many lived in overcrowded, unsanitary tenement housing, and struggled to make ends meet.
• Gilded Age Underclass included the poorest Americans, such as immigrants, minorities, and the unemployed. They lived in urban slums and rural poverty, often in substandard housing and with limited access to education, healthcare, or social services. They were subject to discrimination and prejudice and had limited opportunities for social and economic mobility.

Grouping #34

New Deal Relief
New Deal Recovery
New Deal Reform

In terms of the New Deal, relief, recovery, and reform refer to the three main goals of the policies and programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the economic crisis of the Great Depression.

• Relief programs were designed to provide immediate assistance to those who were suffering from the effects of the Depression, such as unemployment and homelessness. These included programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which provided jobs and relief to millions of Americans.
• Recovery programs aimed to address the underlying economic issues that led to the Depression, such as weak industry and agricultural sectors, by promoting economic growth and stabilizing prices. These included programs such as the National Recovery Administration (NRA) and the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA).
• Reform programs sought to address systemic issues in the economy and prevent another depression from occurring in the future. These included the creation of the Social Security system, the establishment of labor protections, and the regulation of the banking and financial sectors through the Glass-Steagall Act and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Grouping #34

Medicare
Medicaid

Medicare and Medicaid are two government-run healthcare programs that were not part of the New Deal. They were created as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society initiatives in the 1960s, which aimed to expand access to healthcare and social welfare programs.

• Medicare is a federal health insurance program that provides coverage to Americans aged 65 and older, as well as some individuals with disabilities. The program is funded through payroll taxes and premiums paid by beneficiaries.
• Medicaid, on the other hand, is a joint federal and state program that provides health coverage to low-income individuals and families. Eligibility and benefits vary by state, but the program is funded through a combination of federal and state funds.

While Medicare and Medicaid were not part of the New Deal, they share a similar goal of expanding access to healthcare and providing a social safety net for vulnerable populations. The New Deal also included social welfare programs, such as Social Security, that aimed to address poverty and inequality. However, these programs did not provide healthcare coverage in the way that Medicare and Medicaid do.

Grouping #35

Federal Reserve Act (1913)
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)
Social Security Act (1935)

The Federal Reserve Act (1913), National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), and Social Security Act (1935) were all important pieces of legislation passed during the New Deal era under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

• The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System to oversee the US banking system.
• The National Industrial Recovery Act aimed to stimulate economic recovery by regulating industry and boosting wages.
• The Social Security Act established a system of social welfare programs to provide support for the elderly, disabled, and unemployed.

Grouping #36

Progressive Movement
American Indian Movement
Beat Movement
Social Gospel Movement
Civil Rights Movement
Settlement House Movement

• The Progressive Movement was a political and social reform movement in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It aimed to address social and economic problems caused by industrialization and urbanization, such as corruption, poverty, and inequality, through government intervention and reform.
• The American Indian Movement (AIM) was a Native American civil rights organization founded in 1968. It aimed to promote Native American sovereignty, protect their civil rights, and challenge government policies that negatively impacted their communities.
• The Beat Movement was a literary and cultural movement that emerged in the United States in the 1950s. It rejected mainstream culture and values and emphasized nonconformity, spontaneity, and individualism. Beat writers, such as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, explored themes of spirituality, sexuality, and drug use in their work.
• The Social Gospel Movement was a Christian reform movement that emerged in the United States during the late 19th century. It emphasized the importance of social justice, charity, and reform as expressions of Christian faith. Social Gospel advocates, such as Walter Rauschenbusch, supported labor unions, women’s suffrage, and temperance, among other causes.
• The Civil Rights Movement was a social and political movement in the United States that aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. It spanned from the 1950s to the 1960s and included protests, marches, and other forms of civil disobedience. Prominent figures in the movement included Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X.
• The Settlement House Movement was a reform movement in the United States that aimed to improve the living conditions of the urban poor through social work and community services. Settlement houses provided education, healthcare, and other services to immigrant and working-class communities. The movement was led by figures such as Jane Addams, who founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889.

Grouping #37

Social Gospel Movement
Social Darwinism

The Social Gospel Movement and Social Darwinism were two opposing social and political ideologies that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States.

• The Social Gospel Movement was a Christian reform movement that emphasized the importance of social justice, charity, and reform as expressions of Christian faith. Social Gospel advocates, such as Walter Rauschenbusch, supported labor unions, women’s suffrage, and temperance, among other causes. They believed that Christianity should be actively involved in addressing social problems, particularly poverty and inequality.
• Social Darwinism, on the other hand, was a theory that applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to social and political issues. It argued that certain races and individuals were naturally superior to others and that social progress could only be achieved through the survival of the fittest. This theory was used to justify economic and social inequality, imperialism, and eugenics.

Social Gospel advocates criticized Social Darwinism as being selfish and lacking in Christian values. They argued that Christianity called for social responsibility and a concern for the common good, rather than individual success at the expense of others. In contrast, Social Darwinists saw social inequality as a natural and inevitable part of human society, and believed that attempts to address it were misguided and harmful to social progress.

Grouping #38

Federalists
Anti Federalists

The Federalists and Anti-Federalists were two political groups in the United States during the late 18th century that had different views on the role and power of the federal government.

• The Federalists were a political party that emerged in the late 1780s and early 1790s, led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Adams. They supported a strong central government, a national bank, a strong military, and a pro-British foreign policy. The Federalists believed that a strong national government was necessary to maintain order, promote economic growth, and protect the country from foreign threats.
• The Anti-Federalists were a group of individuals who opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1787. They included Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and George Mason. The Anti-Federalists believed that the proposed Constitution gave too much power to the federal government and threatened the rights and liberties of the states and individuals. They advocated for a weaker central government, a Bill of Rights, and more power for the states.

The Federalists and Anti-Federalists had different views on key issues, such as the balance of power between the federal government and the states, the nature of democracy, and the role of the judiciary. Ultimately, the Federalists were successful in getting the Constitution ratified, and the Anti-Federalists’ concerns were addressed through the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution.

Grouping #39

W. E. B. Du Bois’s vision for African Americans
Booker T. Washington’s vision for African Americans
Marcus Garvey s vision for African Americans

W. E. B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and Marcus Garvey were all influential African American leaders in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but they had different visions for the future of African Americans.

• W. E. B. Du Bois was an intellectual and civil rights activist who advocated for equal rights and opportunities for African Americans. He believed that education and political action were the keys to achieving full citizenship and social equality for African Americans. Du Bois also believed that African Americans should embrace their cultural heritage and fight against racial discrimination and oppression.
• Booker T. Washington was also an influential African American leader, but his vision for the future of African Americans was different from Du Bois. Washington was born into slavery and believed that African Americans should focus on economic self-sufficiency and education in practical skills, such as farming and industrial trades. He believed that by demonstrating their economic value to society, African Americans could gain the respect and acceptance of white Americans and eventually achieve social and political equality.
• Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican-born leader who advocated for black nationalism and the return of African Americans to Africa. He believed that African Americans would never be fully accepted in white-dominated American society and that they should create their own separate society and political institutions. Garvey also believed in the importance of economic self-sufficiency and encouraged African Americans to support black-owned businesses and institutions.

Overall, these three leaders had different visions for the future of African Americans, with Du Bois advocating for full equality, Washington emphasizing economic self-sufficiency and education, and Garvey promoting black nationalism and separation.

Grouping #40

Horizontal Integration
Vertical Integration

Horizontal integration and vertical integration are two different business strategies used by companies to expand their operations and increase their market share.

• Horizontal integration involves the acquisition or merging of companies operating at the same level of the supply chain or in the same industry. The goal is to increase market power, reduce competition, and gain economies of scale. For example, if a company that produces soft drinks acquires another company that produces soft drinks, this would be an example of horizontal integration.
• Vertical integration, on the other hand, involves the acquisition or merging of companies that operate at different levels of the supply chain or in different stages of the production process. The goal is to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and have greater control over the supply chain. For example, a company that produces soft drinks may acquire a company that supplies it with sugar or water, which would be an example of vertical integration.

In general, horizontal integration is used to expand a company’s market share within a particular industry, while vertical integration is used to control costs and improve efficiency by bringing multiple stages of production under one company. Both strategies can be effective in different contexts, depending on the company’s goals and the industry in which it operates.

Grouping #41

Chinese Exclusion Act
Emergency Quota Act
National Origins Act
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

The Chinese Exclusion Act, Emergency Quota Act, National Origins Act, and Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 are all significant pieces of legislation related to immigration in the United States.

The Chinese Exclusion Act, passed in 1882, was the first federal law to restrict immigration on the basis of race and nationality. The act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States and was the result of anti-Chinese sentiment and competition for jobs in the western United States.

The Emergency Quota Act, passed in 1921, established quotas for immigrants from different countries based on their national origins. The act aimed to restrict immigration from certain countries, particularly those in southern and eastern Europe, and to preserve the dominant culture of the United States. The act also marked the beginning of the modern era of immigration restriction in the United States.

The National Origins Act, passed in 1924, further restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe and completely banned immigration from Asia. The act established quotas based on the number of people from each country who were already living in the United States and aimed to maintain the racial and ethnic composition of the country.

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as the Hart-Celler Act, abolished the national origins quota system and established a new system based on family reunification and employment-based criteria. The act also removed racial and ethnic barriers to immigration, and led to a significant increase in immigration from Asia, Latin America, and other parts of the world.

Overall, these four pieces of legislation reflect changing attitudes towards immigration and race in the United States over time, with the Chinese Exclusion Act and National Origins Act representing a more restrictive and exclusionary approach, and the Emergency Quota Act and Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 representing a more open and inclusive approach.

Grouping #42

Gilded Age
Progressive Era

The Gilded Age and Progressive Era were two distinct periods in the history of the United States that overlapped in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• The Gilded Age (roughly 1870s-1890s) was a time of rapid industrialization and economic growth, characterized by huge fortunes made by industrialists and entrepreneurs, political corruption, and social and economic inequality. The term “gilded” refers to the glittering appearance of prosperity that masked the underlying problems of poverty, labor exploitation, and political corruption.
• The Progressive Era (roughly 1890s-1920s) was a period of social and political reform that aimed to address the problems and inequalities of the Gilded Age. The Progressive Movement advocated for government regulation of business, labor protections, conservation of natural resources, women’s suffrage, and other social and political reforms. Progressives sought to make government more responsive to the needs of ordinary people and to break the power of monopolies and corporate interests.

While the Gilded Age and Progressive Era were distinct periods with different characteristics, they were connected by a common concern for the social and economic problems of their time. The Progressive Movement emerged in response to the excesses and inequalities of the Gilded Age, and sought to create a more just and equitable society.

Grouping #43

Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Clayton Anti-Trust Act

The Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act were both federal laws in the United States designed to regulate and limit the power of corporations and promote competition in the marketplace.

• The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890 during the Gilded Age. It was the first federal law to prohibit monopolies and other anti-competitive business practices. The Act made it illegal for companies to engage in activities that restrained trade or monopolized markets, such as price fixing, trust agreements, and other forms of collusion. The Sherman Antitrust Act was designed to promote competition and prevent the formation of monopolies that could harm consumers and smaller businesses.
• The Clayton Antitrust Act was passed in 1914 during the Progressive Era. The Act strengthened and expanded on the Sherman Antitrust Act, providing additional provisions to regulate the power of corporations. The Clayton Antitrust Act made it illegal for companies to engage in anti-competitive practices such as price discrimination, exclusive dealing, and tying arrangements. It also established the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a regulatory agency tasked with enforcing antitrust laws and protecting consumers from unfair business practices.

Overall, both the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act were important pieces of legislation designed to promote competition and limit the power of corporations in the marketplace. They have been used to break up monopolies and protect consumers from anti-competitive practices and remain important tools for regulating the power of corporations in the modern economy.

Grouping #44

Thomas’ Paines Common Sense*
Uptain Sinclair’s The Jungle
Harriet Beacher Stowes Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Frederick Douglass, “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass”
Harriet Beecher Stowes “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamartion
Alfred T. Mahan “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History”
Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives”
Rachel Carlson’s “Silent Springs”
Ida Tarbell’s “The History of Standard Oil”

Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” was a pamphlet published in 1776 that argued that the colonies had outgrown their dependence on Britain and that they would be better off as an independent nation. He criticized the idea of monarchy and argued that power should come from the people, not from a king or queen. He also argued that Britain had no right to tax the colonies without their consent and that the colonists should be free to govern themselves. Paine’s Common Sense was widely read and helped to inspire colonists to support the cause of independence.

Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” is a novel published in 1906 that exposed the appalling conditions in the meatpacking industry in the United States. It helped to inspire food safety and labor laws in the United States.

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” is a novel published in 1852 that highlighted the cruelty of slavery and helped to galvanize opposition to it in the United States. It is considered a seminal work in the abolitionist movement.

“Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass” is an autobiographical work published in 1845 that chronicles Douglass’s life as a slave and his escape to freedom. It is considered a powerful indictment of slavery and an important document in the abolitionist movement.

“How the Other Half Lives” is a book by Jacob Riis, published in 1890, that exposed the appalling living conditions in New York City tenements. It helped to inspire housing and health reforms in the United States.

Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” is a book published in 1962 that highlighted the environmental damage caused by the use of pesticides and helped to inspire the modern environmental movement.

Ida Tarbell’s “History of the Standard Oil Company” is a book published in 1904 that exposed the monopolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company and helped to inspire antitrust legislation in the United States. It is considered a landmark work in investigative journalism.

Grouping #45

Emancipation Proclamation
13th Amendment

The Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment were both important legal measures that helped to end slavery in the United States.

• The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the Civil War. The Proclamation declared that all enslaved persons in Confederate states who were still in rebellion against the United States would be “forever free.” Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not technically free all enslaved people in the United States, it was a significant step toward ending slavery and establishing the legal basis for its abolition.
• The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed in 1865 and officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States. The Amendment states that “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” The 13th Amendment was a major milestone in the fight for civil rights and equality, and marked the end of legal slavery in the United States.

Together, the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment were critical legal measures that helped to end the practice of slavery in the United States. Although slavery had been a fundamental part of the American economy and society for centuries, these legal measures helped to establish the legal and moral foundation for the abolition of slavery and the fight for civil rights and equality.

Grouping #46

Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg Address

The Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address are two important documents associated with the American Civil War.

• The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the Civil War. The proclamation declared that all slaves in the Confederate states “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” Although it did not immediately free any slaves, it was a significant symbolic act that helped to shift the focus of the war toward ending slavery and ultimately led to the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.
• The Gettysburg Address was delivered by President Lincoln on November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The address was only two minutes long, but it is considered one of the greatest speeches in American history. In it, Lincoln reaffirmed the principles of the Declaration of Independence and the idea that the United States was a nation “conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” He also called for a “new birth of freedom” that would ensure that the sacrifices of the soldiers who died at Gettysburg would not be in vain.

Together, the Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address helped to define the meaning and purpose of the Civil War and to advance the cause of freedom and equality in the United States.

Grouping #47

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Model of Christian Charity

“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” and “Model of Christian Charity” are two influential religious texts in American history.

• “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” is a sermon preached by the Puritan theologian Jonathan Edwards in 1741 during the Great Awakening, a period of religious revival in colonial America. The sermon emphasizes the idea of the wrath of God, warning sinners of the dangers of eternal damnation and urging them to repent and seek salvation. Edwards’ vivid and powerful language, which includes images of sinners dangling over the fiery pit of hell, has made “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” a famous and influential piece of American religious literature.
• “Model of Christian Charity” is a sermon preached by the Puritan leader John Winthrop in 1630, on board the Arbella as it sailed to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The sermon outlines Winthrop’s vision of a Christian community based on love, compassion, and mutual support. Winthrop famously describes the new colony as a “city upon a hill,” a phrase that has become synonymous with the idea of America as a beacon of hope and freedom. “Model of Christian Charity” is seen as a foundational text in the history of American exceptionalism, and has been invoked by politicians and religious leaders throughout American history.

While “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” and “Model of Christian Charity” were written at different times and for different purposes, they both reflect the Puritan roots of American religious and cultural traditions. Both texts emphasize the importance of faith, morality, and community, and reflect the deep religious convictions of the early American settlers.

Grouping #48

Federalist Papers*
Bill of Rights*

The Federalist Papers and the Bill of Rights are two important documents in American history that were created during the founding of the United States.

• The Federalist Papers were a series of essays published in newspapers in 1787 and 1788. The essays were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, and were designed to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. The Federalist Papers provided a detailed explanation of the new Constitution and defended it against criticisms from those who opposed it. The essays are considered to be some of the most important and influential political documents in American history and are still studied today by scholars and students of American government.
• The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution in 1791, two years after the Constitution was ratified. The Bill of Rights protects individual liberties and rights, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press, as well as the right to bear arms and the right to a fair trial. The Bill of Rights is considered to be one of the most important documents in American history, and has been a cornerstone of American civil liberties and freedoms for over two hundred years.

While the Federalist Papers and the Bill of Rights were created for different purposes, they both played important roles in shaping the American political and legal system. The Federalist Papers helped to promote and defend the Constitution, while the Bill of Rights helped to protect individual liberties and ensure that the power of the federal government was limited. Both documents have had a lasting impact on American history and continue to shape the political and legal landscape of the United States today.

Grouping #49

One judicial branch check on the executive branch
One judicial branch check on the legislative branch

One executive branch check on the legislative branch
One executive branch check on the judicial branch

One legislative branch check on the judicial branch
One legislative branch check on the executive branch

One judicial branch check on the executive branch: The judicial branch can declare executive actions or orders unconstitutional and strike them down. This power is derived from the principle of judicial review, which was established in the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).

One judicial branch check on the legislative branch: The judicial branch can interpret laws passed by the legislative branch and determine whether they are constitutional. If the court finds a law to be unconstitutional, it can declare it void and unenforceable.

One executive branch check on the legislative branch: The executive branch can veto legislation passed by the legislative branch. The president has the power to veto bills, and if Congress cannot override the veto, the bill does not become law.

One executive branch check on the judicial branch: The executive branch can nominate judges and justices to the judicial branch, subject to confirmation by the Senate. This gives the president some influence over the makeup of the judiciary, which can affect the decisions made by the courts.

One legislative branch check on the judicial branch: The legislative branch can impeach and remove judges from the judicial branch. This power is rarely used, but it serves as a check on the judiciary and ensures that judges are held accountable for any misconduct.

One legislative branch check on the executive branch: The legislative branch can override a presidential veto with a two-thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. This power allows Congress to pass legislation even if the president disagrees with it.

Grouping #50

JP Morgan
John D. Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie

Consider these three men the triumvirate of 19th-century American wealth and business.

JP Morgan was an influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies, dominating Wall Street and American finance throughout the 19th century. He spearheaded the formation of several enormous multinational corporations, including U.S. Steel, International Harvester, and General Electric.

Likewise, John D Rockefeller established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in American history. He dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust.

Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. Remember Carnegie as the man who led the expansion of the American steel industry during the late 19th century. From his railroad business, he became one of the richest Americans in history.

While the immense wealth created by each of these figures is incredible enough for its own history book, the triumvirate also accelerated the notion of American individualism, and the rags-to-riches, land-of-opportunity narrative surrounding America.

Grouping #51

Old South
New South

The terms “Old South” and “New South” are often used to describe two distinct eras in the history of the southern United States.

• The Old South refers to the period of time prior to the Civil War (1861–1865), when the southern economy was dominated by agriculture, specifically the production of cotton and tobacco using slave labor. Society was hierarchical and divided between wealthy plantation owners and their slaves, and white yeoman farmers who owned smaller farms and did not own slaves. The Old South was characterized by a strong sense of tradition, chivalry, and honor.
• The New South refers to the period of time after the Civil War, when the southern economy began to shift away from agriculture and towards industry and technology. The end of slavery and the Reconstruction period that followed brought significant changes to the region, including the expansion of railroads, the rise of new industries such as textile mills and iron foundries, and the growth of urban areas. The New South was characterized by a desire to modernize and catch up with the rest of the country, while still holding onto traditional values and culture.

It is important to note that these terms are not always used in a positive or negative context, and their meaning can vary depending on the context in which they are used.

Grouping #52

Detente
Domino Theory

Detente and Domino Theory are two concepts that were significant during the Cold War era.

• Detente refers to the period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1970s. The term “detente” is French for “relaxation,” and the policy involved the easing of tensions between the two superpowers. This was achieved through a series of negotiations and agreements that aimed to reduce the risk of nuclear war and increase cooperation on issues such as trade, arms control, and human rights.
• The Domino Theory, on the other hand, was a foreign policy idea that was influential during the Cold War. It held that if one country in a region fell to communism, then neighboring countries would also fall like dominoes. This theory was used to justify U.S. military intervention in countries such as Vietnam and Korea, with the goal of preventing the spread of communism in these regions. The Domino Theory was highly controversial and criticized by many, as it led to military intervention and conflict in various parts of the world.

Overall, Detente and Domino Theory represented two different approaches to international relations during the Cold War era. Detente aimed to ease tensions and promote cooperation between rival superpowers, while the Domino Theory was a more confrontational approach that viewed the spread of communism as a significant threat to global security.

Grouping #53

Indenture servant in colonial America
African slaves in colonial America

Indentured servants and African slaves played important roles in the labor force of colonial America, particularly in the southern colonies.

• Indentured servants were usually poor Europeans who agreed to work for a set number of years (typically 4–7 years) in exchange for passage to the colonies. Many were young men and women who were looking for opportunities to improve their economic situation. Once their term of service was completed, they were free to live and work as they pleased. However, the conditions of their indenture were often harsh, and they had few legal rights or protections. Some indentured servants were treated well by their masters, while others were subjected to abuse and exploitation.
• African slaves were brought to the colonies primarily to work on plantations, particularly in the southern colonies where the climate and soil were well-suited for cash crop agriculture. Unlike indentured servants, slaves were considered property and had no legal rights or freedoms. They were bought and sold like commodities, and their labor was used to produce goods such as tobacco, rice, and indigo that were sold on the global market. Slavery in the colonies was characterized by brutal working conditions, extreme exploitation, and widespread abuse.

While both indentured servants and African slaves played important roles in the labor force of colonial America, their experiences were very different. Indentured servants were usually able to eventually attain freedom and independence, while slaves were subjected to a lifetime of bondage and exploitation.

Grouping #54

The North on the Eve of the Civil War
The South on the Eve of the Civil War

On the eve of the Civil War, the North and South had significant differences in their economies, societies, and political systems, which ultimately led to their divergent paths.

The North had a more diversified economy, with a greater emphasis on manufacturing and commerce, while the South was heavily reliant on agriculture and the production of cash crops, particularly cotton, tobacco, and rice. The North had a larger population and more advanced transportation infrastructure, including railroads and canals, which facilitated economic growth and helped to connect urban centers. The South had a smaller population, which was concentrated in rural areas, and less developed transportation infrastructure, which made it more difficult to move goods and people.

The North had a more complex and diverse society, with a growing immigrant population and a greater emphasis on education and social reform. The South was characterized by a rigid social hierarchy, with a small wealthy planter class dominating political and economic power, while the majority of the population, including enslaved African Americans and poor whites, had limited opportunities for social mobility.

Politically, the North and South were deeply divided over the issue of slavery. The North was increasingly abolitionist and saw slavery as a moral evil that should be eradicated, while the South defended slavery as a necessary institution for their economy and way of life. The South also believed in states’ rights and felt that they had the right to secede from the Union if they felt that their interests were not being represented.

These differences ultimately led to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, as the North and South were unable to reconcile their competing visions for the future of the country. The war was a brutal and devastating conflict that resulted in the end of slavery and the reunification of the country, but also left deep scars on American society and politics that continued to shape the nation for decades to come.

Grouping #55

Immigration in the 1840s
Immigration in the 1880s

Immigration played a significant role in shaping the United States in the 19th century. The 1840s and the 1880s were both periods of significant immigration, but for different reasons.

• In the 1840s, the primary group of immigrants to the United States were from Ireland and Germany. The Irish were fleeing a devastating famine caused by a potato blight, while the Germans were leaving their homeland due to political unrest and economic hardship. These immigrants settled primarily in cities such as New York and Boston, where they faced discrimination and hostility from the largely Protestant and nativist population. Despite these challenges, they established ethnic neighborhoods and contributed to the growth of American industry and economy. During this period of time, some Chinese also arrived in the US. First, they searched for gold during the California Gold Rush. After that, 20,000 or so worked on America’s first transcontinental railroad, as did the Irsh.
• In the 1880s, a new wave of immigrants came to the United States, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italy, Russia, and Poland. Unlike the earlier immigrants who were predominantly Protestant, these new immigrants were largely Catholic or Jewish. This wave of immigration was driven by economic and political instability in their home countries and the promise of better opportunities in America. Like their predecessors, they faced discrimination and hostility upon their arrival in the United States, but also established ethnic neighborhoods and contributed to the growth of American industry and economy. The 1880s saw the introduction of new immigration laws, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which restricted immigration from China, and the Immigration Act of 1882, which imposed a tax on immigrants and excluded “undesirable” immigrants, such as those with mental or physical disabilities. These laws reflected the growing nativist sentiment in the United States, which sought to limit immigration and maintain the cultural dominance of the Anglo-Saxon Protestant population.

Overall, immigration in the 1840s and the 1880s played a significant role in shaping American society and culture, as well as contributing to its economic growth. However, these waves of immigration were met with resistance and discrimination, highlighting the ongoing struggle for acceptance and inclusion of diverse communities in American society.

Grouping #56

Manifest Destiny
Imperialism

Manifest Destiny is a 19th-century belief among Americans that it was their divine mission to expand and settle throughout North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. This belief was used to justify the annexation of new territories, including Texas, California, and Oregon, and ultimately led to the United States’ territorial expansion and acquisition of lands from Mexico and Native American tribes.

Imperialism, on the other hand, refers to a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means of control over other countries or territories. This policy was practiced by many European powers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as by the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when it acquired territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, among others. Imperialism often involved exploitation and subjugation of the colonized people and was driven by economic, political, and military motives

Grouping #57

Great Depression
New Deal

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that lasted from 1929 to 1939. It began in the United States after the stock market crash of October 1929, which caused a wave of panic selling, leading to widespread unemployment, poverty, and hardship. The depression was characterized by a decline in industrial production, a sharp drop in consumer spending, and a significant contraction in international trade.

The New Deal was a series of economic programs and reforms introduced by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression. The New Deal aimed to address the economic crisis and alleviate the suffering of millions of Americans by implementing policies such as public works programs, social welfare programs, and financial reforms. These programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and the Social Security Act, among others. The New Deal was instrumental in helping the country recover from the Great Depression and remains one of the most significant government interventions in American history.

Grouping #58

1920s
1950s

The 1920s, also known as the Roaring Twenties, was a decade of significant social, cultural, and economic change in the United States. It was marked by a period of prosperity, consumerism, and cultural liberation. The decade saw the rise of jazz music, flapper culture, the automobile industry, and the beginning of the modern mass media. However, it also saw the growth of organized crime, racial tensions, and the stock market crash that led to the Great Depression.

The 1950s, on the other hand, was a decade of relative stability and prosperity in the United States, following the end of World War II. The country experienced a period of economic growth, with a booming manufacturing industry, an expanding middle class, and the rise of suburbia. The 1950s is also known as the era of the “American Dream,” which represented the belief in upward mobility, consumerism, and family values. It was also marked by significant social changes, such as the beginning of the civil rights movement and the rise of youth culture. The 1950s ended with the beginning of the Cold War and the fear of nuclear war, which had a significant impact on American society and politics.

Grouping #59

1950s
1980s

The 1950s and 1980s were both decades of significant social, economic, and political changes in the United States.

• The 1950s saw a period of economic growth and prosperity, with a booming manufacturing industry, an expanding middle class, and the rise of suburbia. It was also a time of relative social stability, with a focus on family values and conformity. However, it was also a time of significant social changes, such as the beginning of the civil rights movement and the rise of youth culture.
• The 1980s saw a period of economic growth and innovation, with the rise of technology and the service industry. It was also marked by the beginning of the Reagan era, which represented a shift towards conservative policies, including deregulation, tax cuts, and a focus on individualism. The 1980s also saw significant social changes, including the rise of feminism, the AIDS epidemic, and the beginning of the LGBTQ+ rights movement.

Overall, both decades saw significant changes in American society, with a focus on economic growth and technological innovation, as well as social and political changes that shaped the country’s future.

Grouping #60

Antebellum Women
Postbellum women

• Antebellum Women in America refers to women’s roles and experiences in the United States in the period before the Civil War (from the late 18th century to 1861). During this time, women had limited legal and political rights and were primarily confined to domestic roles as wives, mothers, and caregivers. Women were not allowed to vote, hold public office, or pursue higher education, and they were expected to be obedient and submissive to their husbands.
• Postbellum Women in America refers to women’s roles and experiences in the United States after the Civil War (from 1865 to the turn of the 20th century). The Civil War and its aftermath brought significant changes to women’s lives, as they increasingly participated in social and political reform movements, including women’s suffrage, abolitionism, and temperance. Women also began to enter the workforce in larger numbers, especially in factories and the garment industry, and gained access to higher education. However, women still faced significant obstacles and discrimination, and it wasn’t until 1920 that women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Overall, the postbellum period marked the beginning of a long struggle for women’s rights and equality that continues to this day.

Grouping #61

Big Stick Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy
Moral Diplomacy

Big Stick Diplomacy, Dollar Diplomacy, and Moral Diplomacy were three different foreign policy approaches adopted by the US during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• Big Stick Diplomacy was a policy championed by President Theodore Roosevelt that emphasized the use of military power and threats to protect US interests and extend US influence in the world. This policy was most famously demonstrated by Roosevelt’s decision to send the US Navy’s Great White Fleet on a world tour in 1907.
• Dollar Diplomacy was a policy championed by President William Howard Taft that emphasized the use of economic power to further US interests and influence abroad. This policy involved encouraging US businesses to invest in foreign countries, particularly in Latin America, and providing financial and military support to countries that supported US interests.
• Moral Diplomacy was a policy championed by President Woodrow Wilson that emphasized the promotion of democracy, human rights, and international cooperation. This policy was based on Wilson’s belief that the US had a moral obligation to promote these values around the world and was reflected in the US’s involvement in World War I and the formation of the League of Nations.

Overall, these three foreign policy approaches represent different ways in which the US sought to extend its influence and protect its interests in the world. Big Stick Diplomacy and Dollar Diplomacy were more focused on using military and economic power, respectively, to achieve these goals, while Moral Diplomacy placed greater emphasis on promoting American values and ideals as a means of achieving global stability and cooperation.

Grouping #62

Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary

All of these are foreign policy doctrines that were articulated by U.S. Presidents to assert American influence in the world and protect American interests abroad (with a foreign policy doctrine being in very simple terms, a set of rules that American foreign policy leaders use when dealing with other countries.

• The Monroe Doctrine was a US foreign policy statement issued in 1823 that asserted that the US would not tolerate European interference in the affairs of the independent nations of the Americas.
• The Roosevelt Corollary, announced by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, expanded on the Monroe Doctrine by declaring that the US had the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries to prevent European intervention and maintain stability.

The Monroe Doctrine

Grouping #63

The First Great Migration
The Second Great Migration

The First Great Migration and the Second Great Migration were two significant movements of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North and West in the 20th century.

• The First Great Migration occurred between 1910 and 1930, during which time over a million African Americans left the rural South and moved to cities in the North and Midwest, such as Chicago, Detroit, and New York City. This migration was primarily driven by the desire to escape racial discrimination, poverty, and limited economic opportunities in the South. The migration resulted in the growth of African American communities in northern cities and significant cultural and political changes.
• The Second Great Migration occurred between 1940 and 1970 and was larger in scale than the first. During this time, over 5 million African Americans left the South and moved to urban areas in the North, Midwest, and West. This migration was also driven by the desire to escape racial discrimination and segregation in the South, but was also influenced by the economic opportunities created by World War II and the postwar economic boom. The Harlem Renaissance was a significant cultural movement that emerged during the Second Great Migration, centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. It was characterized by a flowering of African American art, literature, music, and intellectual thought. Harlem became a center of cultural and artistic activity, attracting some of the most prominent African American writers, artists, and intellectuals of the time, such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington. The Harlem Renaissance had a significant impact on American culture and helped to challenge racist stereotypes and promote the achievements of African Americans.

Grouping #64

Teapot Dome Scandal
Crédit Mobilier Scandal

The Teapot Dome Scandal and the Credit Mobilier Scandal are two of the most infamous political scandals in US history.

• The Teapot Dome Scandal occurred during the presidency of Warren G. Harding in the 1920s. It involved the illegal leasing of government-owned oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to private oil companies in exchange for bribes and kickbacks. The scandal was uncovered by investigative journalists and led to the indictment and conviction of several government officials, including the Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall.
• The Credit Mobilier Scandal took place in the 1870s during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. It involved a fraudulent construction company, Credit Mobilier of America, which was created to build the Union Pacific Railroad. The company overcharged the government for construction costs and then bribed members of Congress to prevent an investigation into their activities. The scandal was exposed by investigative journalists and resulted in the resignation of the Vice President, Schuyler Colfax, and the censure of several members of Congress.

Grouping #65

Roaring Twenties
The Era of Good Feeling

The Roaring Twenties is a term used to describe the decade of the 1920s in the United States, which was characterized by economic prosperity, cultural change, and social upheaval. During this time, the economy boomed, driven by technological advancements and a surge in consumer spending. The era saw the rise of jazz music, the flapper subculture, and new forms of mass media. However, the decade also saw growing income inequality, prohibition, and the eventual crash of the stock market in 1929, which led to the Great Depression.

The Era of Good Feeling is a term used to describe the period of time following the War of 1812 in the United States, during which the country experienced a sense of unity and nationalism. During this time, the Federalist Party lost much of its power, leaving the Democratic-Republican Party in control of the federal government. This led to a period of political calm and economic growth, as well as the expansion of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase and the Adams-Onis Treaty. However, this period was not without its challenges, including conflicts over tariffs and the issue of slavery, which would eventually lead to the Civil War.

Grouping #66

The migration from the cities to the suburbs
The migration from the rural to the urban

During the mid-20th century, there was a significant migration from cities to the suburbs in America. This movement was largely driven by several factors, including the availability of affordable housing, the desire for a higher quality of life, and the growth of the automobile industry, which made it easier for people to commute to work.

The availability of affordable housing was a significant factor in the migration to the suburbs. After World War II, the federal government instituted programs to encourage homeownership, such as the GI Bill, which provided low-interest loans to veterans to purchase homes. This, combined with the development of new suburbs with larger homes and yards, made it more attractive for families to move out of the cities.

The desire for a higher quality of life was also a factor in the migration to the suburbs. Suburban areas offered quieter, safer neighborhoods with better schools, more green space, and less pollution than the city. This was particularly attractive to families with children.

The growth of the automobile industry also played a significant role in the migration to the suburbs. The development of highways and the increasing affordability of cars made it easier for people to commute to work from the suburbs. This allowed people to live further away from the city center while still being able to work there.

The migration from the rural to the urban in America: The migration from rural areas to urban areas in America began in the late 19th century and continued throughout the 20th century. This movement was largely driven by several factors, including industrialization, the availability of jobs in cities, and improvements in transportation.

The growth of industry and the availability of jobs in cities was a significant factor in the migration from rural to urban areas. As manufacturing jobs became more prevalent in cities, people from rural areas began to migrate to these areas in search of work. This movement was particularly pronounced during World War II, as the war effort required a large workforce to support the production of war materials.

Improvements in transportation also played a role in the migration from rural to urban areas. As railroads and highways were developed, it became easier for people to travel to and from cities. This allowed people to live further away from the city center while still being able to work there.

In addition to economic and transportation factors, social and cultural factors also contributed to the migration from rural to urban areas. Cities offered greater access to cultural institutions, such as museums, theaters, and universities. They also provided greater opportunities for social interaction and the formation of community groups. This was particularly attractive to young people, who were seeking new experiences and opportunities.

Grouping #67

The Reconstruction Amendment promises
The Breaking of the Reconstruction Amendment promises
The Fulfillment of the Reconstruction Amendment promises during the Civil Rights Movement

The Reconstruction Amendment promises — refers to the pledges made to African Americans during the period following the Civil War, from 1865 to 1877, when the federal government attempted to rebuild and reshape the South in the aftermath of the war. The era was marked by significant political, social, and economic changes, including the passage of several constitutional amendments aimed at ensuring civil rights and protections for African Americans. The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution promised to end slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. This amendment represented a significant commitment by the federal government to abolish the institution of slavery and to recognize the inherent right of all people to be free. The 14th Amendment promised to grant citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, and to guarantee equal protection under the law. This amendment was a promise to ensure that all people, regardless of their race or ethnicity, would be treated equally under the law and would have the same legal rights and protections as all other citizens. The 15th Amendment promised to prohibit states from denying any male citizen the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This amendment was a promise to protect the voting rights of African American men, who had been disenfranchised and excluded from the political process in many Southern states. Together, these amendments represented a promise by the federal government to ensure that African Americans would have the same civil rights and protections as all other citizens.

The breaking of the Reconstruction Amendment promises refers to the failure of the The breaking of the Reconstruction Amendment promises refers to the failure of the federal government to fully enforce the constitutional amendments passed during the Reconstruction Era, particularly the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, which were intended to ensure civil rights and protections for African Americans. Despite the passage of these amendments, many Southern states and local governments, as well as white supremacist groups, actively worked to undermine the rights of African Americans and maintain the racial hierarchies that had existed prior to the Civil War. They used tactics such as violence, intimidation, and discriminatory laws, such as poll taxes and literacy tests, to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote, owning property, and receiving equal treatment under the law. The federal government, under pressure from white Southern Democrats and other political interests, often failed to enforce the Reconstruction amendments and protect the civil rights of African Americans. The end of Reconstruction in 1877 saw the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, which allowed Southern states to revert to their pre-war power structures and pass laws that institutionalized segregation and discrimination against African Americans. This period of intense racial inequality and discrimination, known as the Jim Crow era, lasted for several decades until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, which saw renewed efforts to enforce the Reconstruction amendments and fight for equal rights for all citizens. Despite the breaking of the Reconstruction Amendment promises, these amendments continue to serve as a powerful reminder of the ongoing struggle for civil rights and social justice in the United States, and as a testament to the resilience and courage of those who fought to uphold them

The Fulfillment of the Reconstruction Amendment promises during the Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s marked a significant period in the fulfillment of the Reconstruction Amendment promises made to African Americans during the Reconstruction Era. Led by civil rights activists such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X, the movement sought to end racial segregation and discrimination and ensure equal rights and protections for all citizens. The 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, had already been fulfilled, but the Civil Rights Movement focused on the enforcement of the 14th and 15th Amendments. The movement used nonviolent protests, civil disobedience, and legal challenges (Brown v. Board) to challenge segregationist laws and practices and demand equal treatment under the law for African Americans. Through their efforts, the Civil Rights Movement achieved significant victories, including the desegregation of schools, public spaces, and housing, the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the establishment of affirmative action programs aimed at addressing historical discrimination and promoting diversity. These achievements represented a significant fulfillment of the Reconstruction Amendment promises, as they established legal protections and equal treatment under the law for African Americans and other marginalized groups. They also marked a turning point in American history, as they challenged the systemic racism and discrimination that had persisted for generations and paved the way for further progress in the ongoing struggle for civil rights and social justice. While there is still much work to be done to fully realize the Reconstruction Amendment promises, the Civil Rights Movement serves as a testament to the power of collective action and the enduring strength of the ideals of equality, justice, and freedom upon which the United States was founded.

Grouping #68

Relief during the New Deal
Recovery during the New Deal
Reform during the New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs and policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the economic crisis and social issues during the Great Depression. The New Deal consisted of three main goals: relief, recovery, and reform.

• Relief programs were designed to provide immediate assistance to people who were suffering from the effects of the Great Depression. These programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which employed young men to work on conservation projects; the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), which provided direct relief to the unemployed; and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which created jobs through public works projects.
• Recovery programs were designed to help stimulate economic growth and improve conditions for workers and businesses. These programs included the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which established codes of fair competition for businesses; the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), which sought to raise farm prices by reducing agricultural surpluses; and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which provided electricity and economic development to the impoverished rural South.
• Reform programs were designed to address the underlying causes of the Great Depression and prevent future economic crises. These programs included the Social Security Act, which provided a safety net for the elderly and disabled; the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), which protected workers’ right to form unions and engage in collective bargaining; and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which established a minimum wage and maximum workweek.

In terms of differences and similarities, the relief programs focused on immediate assistance to those in need, while recovery programs aimed to improve the overall economic situation. Reform programs sought to address the root causes of the economic crisis and prevent future ones.

The New Deal programs also differed in terms of their long-term effects. Relief programs were largely temporary, aimed at providing immediate assistance during the crisis. Recovery programs had a more lasting impact on the economy, with the TVA, in particular, transforming the South and providing a model for government-led economic development.

Reform programs had the most significant impact on American society, with the Social Security Act providing a safety net for millions of Americans, the NLRA empowering workers to organize and collectively bargain for better wages and working conditions, and the FLSA establishing basic labor standards that still exist today.

Overall, the New Deal was a bold and ambitious set of programs that sought to address the economic and social challenges of the Great Depression. While some programs were more successful than others, the New Deal left a lasting legacy on American society and the role of government in the economy.

Grouping #69

The Lowell Mills Girls
The Seneca Falls convention
The Invention of the Typewritter
Triangle Shirt Waste Fire
The Nineteenth Amendment
World War I and World War II

All of these events relate to the fight for women’s rights and the evolution of women’s roles and opportunities in society. However, they differ in their specific focus and the ways in which they brought about change.

• The Lowell Mills Girls were young women who worked in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts in the early 19th century. They were among the first women employed in large numbers in the industrial workforce, and played an important role in the early labor movement by organizing strikes and demanding better working conditions. Their efforts challenged traditional gender roles and helped pave the way for future generations of women to enter the workforce and fight for their rights.
• The Seneca Falls convention was the first women’s rights convention. It was held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848 and was organized by women’s rights activists including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. The convention produced the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for equal rights for women including the right to vote. The Seneca Falls convention marked the beginning of a more organized and focused women’s rights movement that would continue to grow in the following decades. It challenged traditional gender roles and paved the way for future generations of women to fight for their rights.
• The invention of the typewriter was a technological innovation that had a profound impact on women’s opportunities in the workforce. The typewriter created new job opportunities for women and allowed them to work as clerks and secretaries. It also played a role in the women’s suffrage movement by allowing women to produce and distribute their own materials more easily.
• The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which occurred on March 25, 1911, was a tragic event that led to a major turning point in the fight for women’s rights and the evolution of women’s roles and opportunities in society. The fire took place in a garment factory in New York City and resulted in the deaths of 146 garment workers, mostly young immigrant women. The working conditions in the factory were deplorable. The workers, who were mostly women and girls, were paid low wages and worked long hours in cramped and unsafe conditions. They were not allowed to take breaks or even leave the factory during their shifts. In addition, the factory owners had locked the doors to prevent theft, which made it difficult for workers to escape when the fire broke out. The tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire drew attention to the poor working conditions that many women faced in the early 20th century. The victims were mainly young immigrant women, who had limited opportunities for education and were forced to work in dangerous and exploitative conditions to support themselves and their families. In the aftermath of the fire, women’s rights activists, including labor leaders and suffragettes, used the tragedy to advocate for better working conditions, improved workplace safety, and stronger labor laws. They also called attention to the need for women to have more opportunities for education and job training, and to be able to participate fully in the workforce. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire thus became a catalyst for the movement for women’s rights and the evolution of women’s roles and opportunities in society. It highlighted the need for better working conditions and legal protections for workers, and it helped to advance the cause of women’s rights and workplace equality. As a result of the fire and the subsequent activism of women’s rights advocates, important labor and workplace reforms were enacted, paving the way for greater opportunities and equality for women in the decades to come.
• World War I created new opportunities for women as men went off to fight, leading to an increased demand for female workers in various industries. Women entered the workforce in larger numbers, taking on jobs previously reserved for men. Their contributions to the war effort challenged traditional gender roles and demonstrated that women were capable of more than just domestic duties. After the war, many women continued to work outside the home, and their experiences during the war helped to pave the way for future generations of women to fight for their rights and equal opportunities in society.
• The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote and was a major milestone in the fight for women’s rights. It was the culmination of decades of activism by suffragists and reflected a growing recognition of women’s contributions to society and the need for their voices to be heard.
• During World War II, women took on various roles in the workforce that were previously reserved for men, including factory and shipyard work, as well as military support roles. The iconic image of “Rosie the Riveter” symbolized the contributions and sacrifices made by women during the war. During World War II, women also served in various roles in the military, including the Women’s Army Corps (WAC), Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), and Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP). The WACs served in clerical and administrative positions, while the WAVES served as nurses and in other support roles for the Navy. The WASPs were civilian pilots who flew military aircrafts in non-combat roles. These women faced discrimination and gender bias, but their service paved the way for future generations of women to serve in the military and challenged traditional gender roles in society. After the war, many women continued to work outside the home, and their experiences during the war helped to shift societal attitudes towards women in the workforce, although progress towards gender equality was still slow.
• The introduction of the birth control pill in 1960 was a significant development in the fight for women’s rights and the evolution of women’s roles and opportunities in society. It gave women greater control over their own bodies and reproductive choices, allowing them to delay or space out pregnancies. This led to increased educational and career opportunities for women, as well as greater economic independence. The pill also played a role in the sexual revolution and challenged traditional gender roles and expectations. However, it also sparked controversy and debate around issues such as reproductive rights, family values, and moral standards. Overall, the introduction of the birth control pill had a profound impact on women’s lives and paved the way for further progress in the fight for gender equality
• The case of Roe v. Wade was a landmark moment in the fight for women’s rights and the evolution of women’s roles and opportunities in society. The Supreme Court’s decision in 1973 established a woman’s legal right to have an abortion, based on the principle of privacy. This decision gave women greater control over their own bodies and reproductive choices, and it helped to pave the way for other reproductive rights, such as access to birth control and family planning services. The Roe v. Wade decision was also a major victory for the feminist movement, which had long fought for reproductive rights and gender equality. However, the case remains controversial and has been the subject of ongoing political and social debate, highlighting the complex and ongoing nature of the fight for women’s rights. Recently, Roe v. Wade was OVERTURNED.

Grouping #70

TVA
WPA
CCC

The TVA, WPA, and CCC were all programs implemented as part of the New Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the economic crisis and social issues during the Great Depression.

• The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was a recovery program that aimed to stimulate economic growth in the Tennessee Valley region, which included parts of Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia. The TVA built dams along the Tennessee River to generate electricity, control flooding, and improve navigation. It also provided technical assistance to farmers and small businesses and promoted industrial development.
• The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was a relief program that provided employment to millions of Americans through public works projects such as the construction of roads, bridges, schools, and parks. The WPA aimed to provide immediate assistance to those in need and stimulate economic growth by creating jobs.
• The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was also a relief program that employed young men to work on conservation projects such as planting trees, building trails, and improving parks. The CCC aimed to provide employment and training to young men while also improving the environment and promoting conservation.

Overall, the TVA, WPA, and CCC were all important programs that helped alleviate the effects of the Great Depression and promote economic growth and development in different ways.

Grouping #71

The immigration laws prior to 1850
The immigration laws 1850–1900
The immigaraton laws prior to World War II
The immigration laws of the 1920s
The immigration laws of the World War II years

The immigration laws prior to 1850 — were largely nonexistent, as the United States did not have a centralized immigration system until the mid-19th century. However, various state and local laws were enacted to regulate immigration, particularly in the Northeastern states. Some laws imposed a tax on incoming immigrants or required them to post a bond as a guarantee of their good behavior. Others restricted the ability of non-citizens to own property or vote in elections. The Naturalization Law of 1790 restricted citizenship to free white persons of good character who had resided in the United States for at least two years. This law effectively excluded non-whites and women from citizenship.

The immigration laws from 1850–1900 — were characterized by various acts and policies aimed at regulating and restricting immigration. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was one of the most significant laws of this period. It prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for a period of 10 years and was later extended several times. Other laws during this period included the Immigration Act of 1882, which imposed a tax on incoming immigrants, and the Alien Contract Labor Law of 1885, which prohibited employers from importing foreign workers to replace American workers.

The immigration laws from 1900–1941 — prior to World War II, the United States had a series of immigration laws and policies that were largely designed to control the composition of the country’s immigrant population. Some of the notable immigration laws and policies from this period include: National Origins Act of 1924: This act established a quota system that limited the number of immigrants who could enter the United States each year from each country, with a preference for immigrants from Western and Northern Europe. The act also established the Border Patrol to enforce immigration laws along the country’s borders. Immigration Act of 1929: This act further restricted the number of immigrants who could enter the United States each year and established the Registry Act, which allowed certain undocumented immigrants who had been living in the country since before 1921 to apply for legal status.The immigration laws of the 1920s — where characterized by the national origins quota system. This system restricted immigration based on a person’s country of origin, with the aim of preserving the United States’ demographic makeup. The laws favored immigrants from Northern and Western Europe, while limiting the number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. The laws also imposed a total immigration limit of 150,000 per year.

The immigration laws during World War II: During World War II, the United States implemented a number of immigration policies and laws that were aimed at protecting national security and preventing espionage by foreign agents. Some of the notable immigration laws and policies during this period include: The Alien Registration Act of 1940: This act required all non-citizen adults in the United States to register with the government and carry identification documents. Failure to comply was a federal offense punishable by fines and imprisonment. Executive Order 9066: This order, signed by President Roosevelt in 1942, authorized the forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast. Over 100,000 individuals, including U.S. citizens, were sent to internment camps for the duration of the war. Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943: This act repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and allowed Chinese immigrants to become naturalized citizens.

Overall, the immigration laws and policies during World War II were characterized by a heightened focus on national security and the perceived threat of foreign infiltration. While some of these policies have been criticized as discriminatory or unconstitutional, others have been seen as important steps toward promoting greater inclusivity and protection for vulnerable populations.

The immigration law of 1965 — also known as the Hart-Celler Act, was a major overhaul of the United States’ immigration system. It abolished the national origins quota system that had been in place since the 1920s, which restricted immigration based on a person’s country of origin. The 1965 act replaced this system with a preference system based on family reunification, job skills, and refugees. The act also removed racial and ethnic barriers to immigration, allowing for increased immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

The immigration laws since 1965 — since the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, there have been several significant changes and amendments to U.S. immigration law. Some of the notable immigration laws and policies enacted since 1965 include: Refugee Act of 1980: This act established the legal framework for admitting and resettling refugees in the United States; Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986: This act provided a path to legal status for undocumented immigrants who had been living in the United States since before 1982. It also increased penalties for employers who hired undocumented workers and strengthened border enforcement; Immigration Act of 1990: This act increased the overall number of legal immigrants allowed into the country and established new categories for family and employment-based immigration; Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996: This act expanded the grounds for deporting non-citizens who were in the United States unlawfully, increased penalties for immigration-related crimes, and made it more difficult for legal permanent residents to naturalize; Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): In 2012, the Obama administration established the DACA program, which allowed certain undocumented individuals who arrived in the United States as children to apply for temporary protection from deportation and work authorization; Travel Ban: In 2017: the Trump administration issued a series of executive orders restricting travel from several predominantly Muslim countries. The Supreme Court ultimately upheld a revised version of the ban in 2018.

Grouping #72

Northwest Ordinance
Homestead Act
Sherman Antitrust act
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Indian Removal Act
Pendleton Act
Alien and Sedition Act
Kansas Nebraska Act
Chinese Exclusion Act

All of these laws, with the exception of the Northwest Ordinance, are laws created by Congress (with the Congress created in Philadelphia by the delegates who attended the Constitutional Convention). The Northwest Ordinance was created by the Confederation Congress (with the Confederation Congress created by those who created the Articles of Confederation)

• The Northwest Ordinance was a U.S. federal law passed in 1787 to establish a system for creating new states from territories. The law created a process for admitting new states and also established the precedent of prohibiting slavery in the new territories.
• The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed settlers to claim up to 160 acres of public land in the western United States for a small fee, provided they lived on and improved the land for a certain number of years. This encouraged westward expansion and the development of agriculture in the region. Many African Americans took advantage of the act, including a group known as the “Exodusters,” who migrated from the southern United States to Kansas in search of land and freedom in the late 19th century. The Homestead Act is seen as an important piece of legislation that helped to shape the course of American history by encouraging settlement and development of the western United States.
• The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was a U.S. federal law aimed at promoting competition and preventing monopolies. It prohibited certain business practices, such as price-fixing and market allocation, that could restrict competition and harm consumers. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was initially seen as a “paper tiger” because it lacked specific guidelines for enforcing antitrust laws. As a result, the law was not effectively used in its early years to combat monopolistic business practices. However, in the early 1900s, President Theodore Roosevelt began using the act more aggressively to target so-called “bad trusts.” Roosevelt’s administration successfully broke up several large corporations, including Standard Oil and the American Tobacco Company. The act continued to be used to target anticompetitive business practices throughout the 20th century, including the breakup of AT&T in the 1980s. Despite its limitations and criticisms, the Sherman Antitrust Act remains an important tool for promoting competition and protecting consumers from monopolistic practices in the United States.
• The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by adding provisions to address specific anticompetitive behaviors, such as interlocking directorates and tying arrangements (neither of which you need to know for APUSH). It also exempted labor unions from antitrust laws (which you do need to know), recognizing the right of workers to organize.
• The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was a U.S. federal law that authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). This led to the displacement of thousands of Native Americans (Trail of Tears) and is widely regarded as a tragic chapter in American history.
• The Pendleton Act of 1883 established a merit-based system for hiring and promoting civil service employees, rather than relying on political patronage. This helped to reduce corruption and improve the efficiency of the federal government.
• The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 were a set of laws passed by the U.S. government aimed at restricting the activities of foreigners and suppressing dissent. The laws made it more difficult for immigrants to become citizens and gave the government broad powers to arrest and deport those deemed a threat to national security.
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 — a U.S. federal law that repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had prohibited slavery in the northern territories. The law divided the newly created territories of Kansas and Nebraska into two parts, each of which could decide for itself whether to allow slavery. The act was sponsored by Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who believed that popular sovereignty (allowing settlers to decide the issue of slavery for themselves) was a fairer and more democratic way to resolve the issue than the Missouri Compromise. The Kansas-Nebraska Act led to a rush of pro- and anti-slavery settlers to the Kansas territory, each hoping to gain a majority and control the decision on slavery. This resulted in a violent conflict known as “Bleeding Kansas,” which lasted from 1854 to 1859. Both sides engaged in violent clashes, including raids, arson, and murder. The violence reached its peak in 1856, when a group of pro-slavery men attacked the free-state town of Lawrence, Kansas, and anti-slavery forces retaliated by attacking the pro-slavery stronghold of Pottawatomie Creek. The violence in Kansas further polarized the country and contributed to the growing tensions that led to the Civil War. In addition to sparking violence in Kansas, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was also a major factor in the formation of the Republican Party, which was established in opposition to the act and the spread of slavery into the western territories. The act is widely considered to be one of the most divisive and controversial pieces of legislation in U.S. history.
• The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was a U.S. federal law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers (with a few exceptions) to the United States for ten years and denied citizenship to Chinese immigrants already in the country. The law was later extended and remained in effect until 1943, when it was repealed as part of the wartime alliance between the United States and China during World War II. The act was driven by anti-Chinese sentiment and fear of competition for jobs, particularly in the western United States. The act had a significant impact on Chinese immigrants and their families, many of whom were separated for years or even decades. The act also had broader implications for U.S. immigration policy, as it established the principle of excluding individuals based on their race or nationality. The repeal of the act in 1943 was a significant moment in the history of Chinese immigration to the United States and marked a shift towards more inclusive immigration policies.

The Northwest Territory

The Trail of Tears

Grouping #73

Marbury v. Madison
McCulloch v. Maryland
Worchester v. Georgia
Bakke v. Regents of the University of California
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Plessy v. Ferguson
Schenck v. US
Korematsu v. US.
Brown v. Board of Education
Gideon v. Wainwright
Roe v. Wade
Miranda v. Arizona

Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review, which gives the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional if they violate the Constitution. This decision helped to define the role of the judicial branch of government and establish a system of checks and balances among the three branches of government.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) upheld the constitutionality of the national bank and established the principle of implied powers. This decision allowed Congress to create laws necessary to carry out its enumerated powers, even if those laws were not explicitly listed in the Constitution.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832) held that state law did not apply to Native American tribes, as they were sovereign nations. This decision recognized the tribal sovereignty of Native American nations and affirmed the federal government’s authority to regulate relations with these nations.

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978) struck down the use of racial quotas in college admissions, but upheld the use of race as a factor in admissions decisions. This decision established the principle of affirmative action, which seeks to promote diversity and equal opportunity in education and employment.

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) held that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be citizens of the United States and had no legal standing in court. This decision further entrenched the institution of slavery and was a catalyst for the Civil War.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the constitutionality of “separate but equal” facilities for African Americans and whites. This decision effectively legalized segregation and discrimination against African Americans for decades.

Schenck v. US (1919) established the “clear and present danger” test for limiting free speech during wartime. This decision recognized that freedom of speech is not absolute and can be limited in certain circumstances to protect national security.

Korematsu v. US (1944) upheld the constitutionality of Japanese American internment during World War II. This decision is now widely regarded as a stain on the nation’s history and a violation of the civil rights of Japanese Americans.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) declared that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision marked a major milestone in the Civil Rights Movement and paved the way for desegregation in other areas of society.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right to counsel for all defendants in criminal trials, regardless of their ability to pay. This decision helped to ensure that the criminal justice system treats all defendants fairly and provides them with the necessary resources to mount a defense.

Roe v. Wade (1973) established the constitutional right to abortion, based on a woman’s right to privacy, but in 2022, the US Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) established the Miranda warning, which requires police officers to inform suspects of their right to remain silent and their right to an attorney. This decision has helped to protect the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination and ensure that criminal suspects are aware of their legal rights.

Grouping #74

Treaty of Fort Laramie
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Versaille Treaty
Treaty that ends the Revolutionary War
Treaty that ended the Spanish American War

The Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed in 1868 between the United States and several Native American tribes, including the Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne. The treaty was intended to bring an end to hostilities between the tribes and the US government and establish boundaries for their territories. Under the treaty, the US government recognized the Black Hills in South Dakota as part of the Sioux reservation and promised to protect the rights of Native Americans to hunt, fish, and live on their lands. However, the treaty was violated by the US government, as gold was discovered in the Black Hills in the 1870s, leading to the forced removal of the Sioux from their lands and the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848 between the United States and Mexico, ending the Mexican-American War. The treaty established the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico and ceded the territories of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, and Oklahoma to the United States. In exchange, the US government agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assume the debts that Mexico owed to US citizens. The treaty also granted Mexican citizens living in the ceded territories the option of retaining their Mexican citizenship or becoming US citizens.

The Versailles Treaty: The Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919 between the Allied powers and Germany, ending World War I. The treaty imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including the loss of territory and the payment of reparations to the Allies. The treaty established the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at promoting peace and resolving disputes between nations. However, the treaty’s harsh terms and the imposition of reparations on Germany contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the outbreak of World War II.

The treaty that ends the Revolutionary War: The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 between Great Britain and the United States, ending the American Revolutionary War. The treaty recognized the independence of the United States and established the boundaries of its territory, which included all of the land east of the Mississippi River. The treaty marked a significant turning point in American history, as it established the United States as a sovereign nation and set the stage for its development as a world power.

The treaty that ended the Spanish American War: The Treaty of Paris was also the treaty that ended the Spanish-American War in 1898. Under the terms of the treaty, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States, and recognized Cuba’s independence. The treaty marked the emergence of the United States as a colonial power and established its presence in the Caribbean (Puerto Rico) and the Pacific (Guam and the Philippines).

Grouping #75

3/5th Compromise
Great Compromise
Slave Trade Compromise
Presidential Election Compromise
Missouri Compromise

The 3/5th Compromise was reached during the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and established that enslaved people would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of determining a state’s representation in Congress. This compromise was a contentious issue and reflected the deep divisions between Northern and Southern states over the issue of slavery.

The Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise, was reached during the Constitutional Convention and established a bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate and representation based on population in the House of Representatives. This compromise helped to resolve the disagreements between large and small states over the structure of the federal government.

The Slave Trade Compromise was also reached during the Constitutional Convention and allowed the importation of enslaved people to continue for 20 more years, until 1808. This compromise was designed to appease Southern states, who relied heavily on the slave trade, while also recognizing the growing opposition to slavery in the Northern states.

The Presidential Election Compromise was reached during the Constitutional Convention and established the Electoral College system for electing the president. Under this compromise, each state would have a number of electors equal to their total number of representatives and senators in Congress. This compromise was designed to balance the interests of small and large states in the presidential election process.

The Missouri Compromise was reached in 1820 and allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state, preserving the balance of power between free and slave states in Congress. This compromise also established a line across the Louisiana Territory, with slavery prohibited north of the line and allowed south of the line. This compromise helped to temporarily ease tensions between Northern and Southern states over the issue of slavery, but ultimately failed to resolve the underlying issues.

Grouping #76

The American System
Americanization (and assimilation)

The American System and Americanization are two related concepts in American history that reflect the country’s efforts to shape its economic and cultural identity. Here is a brief overview of each:

• The American System: The American System was a set of economic policies proposed by Henry Clay in the early 19th century that aimed to promote economic growth and development in the United States. The American System included three main components: protective tariffs to encourage domestic manufacturing, a national bank to provide credit and stabilize the economy, and internal improvements such as roads, canals, and bridges to improve transportation and communication. The American System was designed to create a self-sufficient American economy and reduce the country’s dependence on foreign trade.
• Americanization (and assimilation): Americanization refers to the process by which immigrants and other groups have assimilated into American society and culture. Americanization has been a controversial topic throughout American history, with some arguing that it represents a form of cultural imperialism that erases the identities and traditions of other groups, while others argue that it is necessary for the integration and success of immigrants and other groups. Assimilation refers to the process of adopting the culture, values, and norms of the dominant society. In the United States, assimilation has often been seen as a necessary step for immigrants and other groups to achieve success and acceptance in American society. However, some argue that assimilation can lead to the loss of cultural identity and the erasure of diverse perspectives and experiences.

Grouping #77

Erie Canal
Cumberland Road
The Philadelphia Lancaster Turnpike
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
The Trancontinental Railroad
The Mississippi River Steamship

Grouping #78

Bartolome de Las Casas’ view of the Native Americans
Juan de Sepulveda’s view of the Native Amerians

Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan de Sepúlveda are important figures in AP United States History (APUSH) because their differing views on the treatment of Native Americans highlight the broader ethical and moral debates surrounding the European colonization of the Americas. Their arguments encapsulate the conflicting ideologies of the time and provide insight into the justifications for and against the harsh treatment of indigenous peoples. Here’s why each is significant in simple terms:

• Bartolomé de Las Casas: Las Casas is one of the earliest advocates for human rights in the context of European colonialism. His defense of Native Americans’ rights and his criticism of Spanish policies towards indigenous peoples challenge students to consider the impact of colonialism on native populations and the role of ethics in historical events. His writings and arguments led to the reevaluation of Spanish colonial policies, notably influencing the Laws of the Indies which were designed to provide better treatment of the Native Americans.
• Juan de Sepúlveda: Sepúlveda represents the darker side of colonial ideology that justified the subjugation of Native Americans on the grounds that they were “naturally inferior” and destined to be slaves. This perspective helps students understand the rationale used by many Europeans during the era of colonial expansion. Sepúlveda’s views sparked significant debate with Las Casas, known as the Valladolid Debate, which questioned the legitimacy of forced conversion and enslavement of Native Americans. This debate is crucial for understanding how such ideologies were contested and how they influenced colonial practices.

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Jamestown Colony
Roanoke Colony
Plymouth Colony

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The Native American tribes scattered across the vast expanse of North America
The North Americans geographical regions

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The Spanish Caste System*
The Spanish Encomienda System
The Spanish Mission System*

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What Europeans acquired from the Native Americans
What Native Americans acquired from the Europeans

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Astrolabe
Sextant
Carvel
Lanteen Sail

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Mormon Trail
Oregon Trail
California Trail
Santa Fe Trail
Chilsholm Trail

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Railroads built by 1870
Railroads built by 1890

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The Lead Up to the Civil War
The Lead Up to the Revolutioary War

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Northern Civil War Strategy
Southern Civil War Strategy

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Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction
Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction
The Radical Republican’s plan for Reconstruction

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Indentured Servitude
Slavery
Sharecropping

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Sandcreek Massacre
Wounded Knee Massacre

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The First Red Scare
The Second Red Scare

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Jonathan Edward’s Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
John Withrop’s Model of Christian Charity
George Washington’s Farewell Address
Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise
Abraham Lincoln’s House Devided Speech
Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
Woodrow Wilson’s 1917 Joint Address to Congress
Franklin Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms Speech
Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream Speech
Ronald Reagan’s Tear Down this Wall Speech

Jonathan Edwards’ Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: Jonathan Edwards’ “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” is a sermon that was delivered in 1741 in Enfield, Connecticut. In the sermon, Edwards warned his congregation about the dangers of sin and the punishment that awaited them in hell if they did not repent. The sermon is known for its vivid and terrifying descriptions of hell and the fate of sinners. Students in an AP US History class might need to know about Edwards’ sermon and its significance in the history of American religion and the Great Awakening, a religious revival that swept through the American colonies in the 18th century.

John Winthrop’s Model of Christian Charity: John Winthrop was a Puritan leader who delivered a sermon called “A Model of Christian Charity” aboard the Arabella in 1630. The sermon outlines the ideals and expectations of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, including the importance of community, hard work, and helping those in need. Students in an AP US History class might need to know about Winthrop’s sermon and its significance as an early example of American exceptionalism and the idea of a “city upon a hill.”

George Washington’s Farewell Address: George Washington’s Farewell Address was a speech he delivered in 1796, at the end of his second term as President. In the speech, Washington warned against the dangers of political parties (factions) and foreign entanglements, and emphasized the importance of national unity and the rule of law.

Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise: The Atlanta Compromise was a speech delivered by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895. In the speech, Washington advocated for African Americans to focus on economic progress and self-improvement rather than seeking immediate political and social equality.

Abraham Lincoln’s House Divided Speech: Abraham Lincoln’s House Divided Speech was delivered in 1858, at the beginning of his campaign for the Illinois Senate seat. In the speech, Lincoln warned that the country was becoming increasingly divided over the issue of slavery and predicted that the issue would eventually lead to a civil war.

Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address was delivered in 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. In the speech, Lincoln reflected on the meaning of the Civil War and the sacrifice of those who had died in the conflict, and emphasized the importance of preserving the Union and upholding the principles of democracy and equality.

Woodrow Wilson’s 1917 Joint Address to Congress: Woodrow Wilson’s 1917 Joint Address to Congress was delivered on April 2, 1917, and called for the United States to enter World War I. In the speech, Wilson argued that the war was a struggle for democracy and freedom and that the United States had a duty to help defend those values.

Franklin Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms Speech: Franklin Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms Speech was delivered in 1941, as the United States was preparing to enter World War II. In the speech, Roosevelt outlined four fundamental freedoms that he believed all people should enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream Speech: Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech was delivered during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. In the speech, King called for an end to racial discrimination and segregation in the United States and envisioned a future where people of all races would live together in harmony. The speech is considered a defining moment in the Civil Rights Movement and has become one of the most famous speeches in American history.

Ronald Reagan’s Tear Down This Wall Speech: Ronald Reagan’s “Tear Down This Wall” speech was delivered on June 12, 1987, at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. In it, Reagan called for the dismantling of the Berlin Wall, which had divided East and West Germany since 1961. The speech is often cited as a key moment in the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany.

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Capitalism
Feudalism
Mercantali

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Mississippi River Valley Native Americans
??>Northwest Native Americans

• Present-Day American Southwest
  Southwest Native Americans
• Western Great Plains Native Americans

Covert Resistance to Slavery
Overt Resistance to Slavery

• Protestant Evangelicalism
• Anglicanization

Pilgrim
Puritan
Quaker