Review Activity for the P4-P6 APUSH Need-to-Know Proper Nouns

With a focus on the thirty most important proper nouns mentioned in the CED’s P4-P6 Key Concepts

The APUSH Course and Exam Description (CED) mentions many proper nouns. To excel on the May exam, it is crucial for students to become familiar with these proper nouns. They show up time and again.

To help my students learn what they need to learn as it relates to these proper nouns, I have created this blog post.

The post lists each proper noun mentioned in the CED (for Periods 4–6) and also provides the relevant language that “houses” these nouns. Additionally, for each proper noun, I have included one or more short answer questions to help students better understand the nouns’ significance and relevance to the APUSH exam.

In the weeks leading up to the exam, I will have my students work in small groups to answer each of the SAQs found within this post. By doing this, I am confident that my students will be able to better focus their studies and thereby increase their chances of success on the APUSH exam.

The Second Party System

By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose — the Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay — that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements.

Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders’ positions on slavery and economic policy

1. Briefly describe ONE difference between the Democrats and the Whigs during the Second Party System in terms of their stance on the role of the federal government.
2. Briefly describe ONE factor that led to the emergence of the Second Party System in the 1820s and 1830s.
3. Briefly describe ONE situation in which regional interests influenced political leaders’ positions on slavery during the Second Party System.
4. Briefly describe ONE reason why the national bank was a controversial issue during the Second Party System.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of the Second Party System on American politics and democracy.

The Second Great Awakening

The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that in uenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements.

1. Briefly describe ONE impact of the market revolution on the rise of the Second Great Awakening in the United States.
2. Briefly describe ONE reason why the Second Great Awakening was a response to rationalism.
3. Briefly describe ONE factor that contributed to the growth of the Second Great Awakening among Protestants in terms of social changes.
4. Briefly describe ONE outcome of the Second Great Awakening in terms of its influence on moral and social reforms.
5. Briefly describe ONE religious movement inspired by the Second Great Awakening and its perspective on the role of the individual in society.

The Anti-Slavery Monument

Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans’ rights. Antislavery e orts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions.

Antislavery e orts increased in the North, while in the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life.

African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slaves’ escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals.

Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states’ rights were protected by the Constitution.

Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states.

1. Briefly describe ONE factor that contributed to the growth of the free African American population in the North during the antislavery movement.
2. Briefly describe ONE outcome of antislavery efforts in the South in terms of slave rebellions.
3. Briefly describe ONE perspective of most Southern leaders in regards to slavery in the 1800s.
4. Briefly describe ONE method that white and African American abolitionists used to oppose slavery in the United States.
5. Briefly describe ONE argument that defenders of slavery used to justify the institution and their opposition to abolition.
6. Briefly describe ONE impact of debates over slavery on American politics in the 1850s.

The Seneca Falls Convention

A women’s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention.

1. Briefly describe ONE goal of the women’s rights movement in the United States during the 19th century.
2. Briefly describe ONE outcome of the Seneca Falls Convention in terms of its influence on the women’s rights movement.
3. Briefly describe ONE perspective of some opponents of the women’s rights movement during the 19th century.
4. Briefly describe ONE way in which the Declaration of Independence and the Seneca Falls Declaration of Rights are similar.

The Market Revolution

Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized.

Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the e ciency of production methods.

Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South.

The changes caused by the market revolution had signi cant e ects on U.S. society, workers’ lives, and gender and family relations

Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semisubsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets.

The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor.

Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres.

Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions.

1. Briefly describe ONE impact of the market revolution on the relationship between producers and consumers in the United States.
2. Briefly describe ONE innovation that increased the efficiency of production methods during the market revolution.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which legislation and judicial systems supported the development of transportation networks during the market revolution.
4. Briefly describe ONE impact of the market revolution on the lives of workers, particularly women and men working in factories.
5. Briefly describe ONE consequence of the growth of manufacturing during the market revolution in terms of the emergence of social classes.
6. Briefly describe ONE change in gender and family roles that occurred in response to the market revolution.
7. Briefly describe ONE way in which economic development during the market revolution influenced settlement and trade patterns in the United States.

The American System

Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country.

1. Briefly describe ONE goal of the American System in terms of the U.S. economy.
2. Briefly describe ONE argument in favor of the American System’s policies benefiting agriculture.
3. Briefly describe ONE argument in favor of the American System’s policies benefiting industry.
4. Briefly describe ONE consequence of the debates over the American System on regional unity in the United States.
5. Briefly describe ONE way in which the American System influenced economic development in the United States during the 19th century.

The Louisiana Purchase

Following the Louisiana Purchase, the United States government sought inflence and control over North America and the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including exploration, military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine.

Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal e orts to control and relocate American Indian populations.

The United States’s acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.

As overcultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow.

1. Briefly describe ONE means used by the United States government to gain influence and control over North America and the Western Hemisphere following the Louisiana Purchase.
2. Briefly describe ONE factor that contributed to American Indian resistance against U.S. expansion efforts in the Western Hemisphere.
3. Briefly describe ONE consequence of the United States’s acquisition of lands in the West in regard to slavery.
4. Briefly describe ONE impact of over-cultivation on arable land in the Southeast United States.
5. Briefly describe ONE way in which the expansion of slavery into new territories led to conflicts in the United States.

The Missouri Compromise

Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery.

1. Briefly describe ONE goal of the Missouri Compromise in regards to the issue of slavery.
2. Briefly describe ONE consequence of the Missouri Compromise in terms of its impact on the balance of free and slave states in the United States.
3. Briefly describe ONE perspective of opponents of slavery in the United States in regards to the Missouri Compromise.
4. Briefly describe ONE perspective of defenders of slavery in the United States in regards to the Missouri Compromise.
5. Briefly describe ONE reason why political compromise such as the Missouri Compromise only temporarily addressed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery in the United States.
6. Briefly describe ONE key difference between the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1820 in terms of their provisions related to slavery.

Manifest Destiny

The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.

Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives.

The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West

Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean.

The Mexican-America War

The U.S. added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican– American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands.

1. Briefly describe ONE factor that contributed to the United States becoming more connected with the world during the period of Manifest Destiny.
2. Briefly describe ONE reason why popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion grew during the period of Manifest Destiny.
3. Briefly describe ONE factor that led to increased migration to and settlement in the West during the period of Manifest Destiny.
4. Briefly describe ONE argument made by advocates of annexing western lands in regard to Manifest Destiny and the expansion of U.S. borders.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of Manifest Destiny on U.S. foreign policy and relations with other countries during the 19th century.

The Civil War

Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.

Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition

Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s infrastructure.

The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate slaves eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.

1. Briefly describe ONE factor that led the United States into civil war.
2. Briefly describe ONE example of home front opposition faced by the Union or Confederacy during the Civil War.
3. Briefly describe ONE reason why the Union ultimately succeeded in the Civil War.
4. Briefly describe ONE reason why the North had an advantage in terms of manpower and industrial resources during the Civil War.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of the Civil War on American society and politics during the 19th century.

Irish and German Immigration

Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs.

1. Briefly describe ONE reason why substantial numbers of Irish and German immigrants arrived in the United States during the 19th century.
2. Briefly describe ONE impact of Irish and German immigration on ethnic communities in the United States during the 19th century.
3. Briefly describe ONE challenge faced by Irish and German immigrants in regards to preserving elements of their languages and customs in the United States.
4. Briefly describe ONE factor that contributed to the growth of anti-immigrant sentiment during the 19th century.
5. Briefly describe ONE consequence of Irish and German immigration on American society and culture during the 19th century.

Nativism

In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitant

A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants’ political power and cultural in uenc

U.S. government interaction and con ict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self- su ciency and cultures.

1. Briefly describe ONE goal of the anti-Catholic nativist movement in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s.
2. Briefly describe ONE way in which the anti-Catholic nativist movement sought to limit new immigrants’ political power and cultural influence in the United States.
3. Briefly describe ONE consequence of U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans in regions newly taken from Mexico.
4. Briefly describe ONE consequence of U.S. government interaction and conflict with American Indians in regions newly taken from American Indians.
5. Briefly describe ONE factor that contributed to the rise of nativist sentiment in the United States during the 19th century.

Free Soil Movement

The North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy’s dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free-labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor.

1. Briefly describe ONE reason why the North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy’s dependence on slave labor.
2. Briefly describe ONE argument made by some Northerners who did not object to slavery on principle in regards to its impact on the free-labor market.
3. Briefly describe ONE goal of the free-soil movement in the United States during the 19th century.
4. Briefly describe ONE impact of the free-soil movement on American politics and the debate over slavery during the 19th century.
5. Briefly describe ONE perspective of opponents of the free-soil movement during the 19th century.

The Mexican Cession

The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories.

1. Briefly describe ONE factor that led to the Mexican Cession.
2. Briefly describe ONE consequence of the Mexican Cession in regards to the debate over slavery in the United States.
3. Briefly describe ONE reason why the question of slavery in the newly acquired territories of the Mexican Cession was controversial.
4. Briefly describe ONE impact of the debate over slavery in the Mexican Cession on American politics and society during the 19th century.
5. Briefly describe ONE perspective of advocates of allowing slavery in the newly acquired territories of the Mexican Cession.

The Compromise of 1850

The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict.

1. Briefly describe ONE goal of the Compromise of 1850 in regards to the issue of slavery in the territories.
2. Briefly describe ONE consequence of the Compromise of 1850 in terms of its impact on the balance of free and slave states in the United States.
3. Briefly describe ONE example of a subsequent attempt to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories after the Compromise of 1850.
4. Briefly describe ONE reason why the Compromise of 1850 ultimately failed to reduce conflict over the issue of slavery in the territories.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of the failure of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories on American politics and society during the 19th century.

The Republican Party

The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North.

Abraham Lincoln’s victory on the Republicans’ free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.

1. Briefly describe ONE factor that led to the emergence of sectional parties in the United States during the 19th century.
2. Briefly describe ONE goal of the Republican Party in the North during the 19th century.
3. Briefly describe ONE consequence of Abraham Lincoln’s victory on the Republicans’ free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860.
4. Briefly describe ONE reason why most slave states voted to secede from the Union after Lincoln’s victory.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of the emergence of the Republican Party on American politics and society during the 19th century.

The Gettysburg Address

Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the ful llment of America’s founding democratic ideals.

1. Briefly describe ONE goal of Lincoln in regards to reunifying the country during the Civil War.
2. Briefly describe ONE way in which Lincoln portrayed the struggle against slavery in the Gettysburg Address.
3. Briefly describe ONE impact of the Gettysburg Address on American politics and society during the 19th century.
4. Briefly describe ONE way in which the Gettysburg Address reflected the founding democratic ideals of the United States.
5. Briefly describe ONE reason why the Gettysburg Address remains an important piece of American history and culture today.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy.

1. Briefly describe ONE reason why Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War.
2. Briefly describe ONE way in which the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war.
3. Briefly describe ONE impact of the Emancipation Proclamation on the Confederacy’s diplomatic efforts with European powers.
4. Briefly describe ONE way in which African Americans contributed to the Union Army during the Civil War.
5. Briefly describe ONE consequence of the Emancipation Proclamation on American society and politics during the 19th century.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new de nitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.

Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North’s waning resolve.

Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-su ciency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South.

Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.

1. Briefly describe ONE way in which Reconstruction altered relationships between the states and the federal government.
2. Briefly describe ONE debate that arose during Reconstruction regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
3. Briefly describe ONE example of efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to reorder race relations in the defeated South during Reconstruction.
4. Briefly describe ONE reason why Reconstruction ultimately failed to achieve its goals.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of Reconstruction on African American land ownership and self-sufficiency in the South.

The Reconstruction Amendments

The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights

The women’s rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution.

1. Briefly describe ONE goal of the 13th Amendment in regards to slavery in the United States.
2. Briefly describe ONE right granted to African Americans by the 14th Amendment.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which the 15th Amendment impacted African American voting rights.
4. Briefly describe ONE reason why the women’s rights movement was divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of the Reconstruction Amendments on American society and politics during the 19th century.

The New South

Despite the industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy — a change promoted by Southern leaders who called for a “New South” — agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity in the South. New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers. Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices. Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organizations.

1. Briefly describe ONE economic activity that continued to be the primary source of income in the South despite industrialization.
2. Briefly describe ONE consequence of new systems of production and transportation in agriculture.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets.
4. Briefly describe ONE impact of the cooperative movement on American agriculture and society during the 19th century.

The People’s (Populist) Party

Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People’s (Populist) Party, which called for a stronger governmental role in regulating the American economic system

1. Briefly describe ONE factor that inspired agrarian activists to create the People’s (Populist) Party.
2. Briefly describe ONE goal of the People’s (Populist) Party in regards to the American economic system.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which the People’s (Populist) Party proposed to regulate the American economic system.
4. Briefly describe ONE challenge faced by the People’s (Populist) Party in gaining support from urban workers.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of the People’s (Populist) Party on American politics and society during the late 19th century.

Americanization

Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international migration. Many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the United States.

1. Briefly describe ONE factor that contributed to increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
2. Briefly describe ONE challenge faced by immigrants in negotiating compromises between their home culture and the culture they found in the United States.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which immigrants incorporated their home culture into their new American identity.
4. Briefly describe ONE way in which Americanization programs attempted to promote assimilation among immigrants.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of Americanization on American society and culture during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Laissez- Faire Policies

Some argued that laissez- faire policies and competition promoted economic growth in the long run, and they opposed government intervention during economic downturns.

The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration; child labor also increased.

Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting business leaders.

1. Briefly describe ONE argument in favor of laissez-faire policies in regards to economic growth.
2. Briefly describe ONE consequence of the expansion and diversification of the industrial workforce.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which child labor increased during the 19th century.
4. Briefly describe ONE way in which labor and management clashed over wages and working conditions.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of the labor movement on American society and politics during the 19th century.

The New South

Despite the industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy — a change promoted by Southern leaders who called for a “New South” — agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity in the South.

New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers.

Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices.

Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organizations.

1. Briefly describe ONE economic activity that continued to be the primary source of income in the South despite industrialization.
2. Briefly describe ONE consequence of new systems of production and transportation in agriculture.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets.
4. Briefly describe ONE impact of the cooperative movement on American agriculture and society during the 19th century.

The People’s (Populist) Party

Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People’s (Populist) Party, which called for a stronger governmental role in regulating the American economic system.

1. Briefly describe ONE factor that inspired agrarian activists to create the People’s (Populist) Party.
2. Briefly describe ONE goal of the People’s (Populist) Party in regards to the American economic system.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which the People’s (Populist) Party proposed to regulate the American economic system.
4. Briefly describe ONE challenge faced by the People’s (Populist) Party in gaining support from urban workers.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of the People’s (Populist) Party on American politics and society during the late 19th century.

Americanization

Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international migration. Many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the United States.

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that motivated debates over Americanization.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of Americanization on American identity.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which Americanization was promoted.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which Americanization was resisted.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of Americanization on the future of American diversity.

Political Machines

In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines thrived, in part by providing immigrants and the poor with social services.

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that enabled political machines to thrive.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of political machines on American democracy.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which political machines provided social services to immigrants and the poor.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which political machines engaged in corrupt practices.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of the rise and fall of political machines on the future of American politics.

The American Middle Class

Corporations’ need for managers and for male and female clerical workers as well as increased acces to educational institutions, fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class. A growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture.

Growth of the American Middle Class:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that contributed to the growth of the American middle class.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of the middle class on American society.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which the middle class challenged traditional social hierarchies.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which the middle class played a pivotal role in American politics.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of the growth of the middle class on the future of American economy.

Corporate Need for Managers:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that led to corporations’ need for managers.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of corporate management on American society.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which corporate management affected working conditions.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which corporate management led to labor strikes.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of corporate management on the future of American business practices.

Male and Female Clerical Workers:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that led to corporations’ need for male and female clerical workers.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of clerical work on American society.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which clerical work contributed to the growth of the middle class.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which clerical workers demanded better wages and working conditions.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of clerical work on the future of gender roles in the workplace.

Access to Educational Institutions:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that led to increased access to educational institutions during the growth of the middle class.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of educational access on American society.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which education contributed to upward social mobility.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which access to education was limited.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of educational access on the future of American workforce diversity.

Leisure Time:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that led to increased leisure time during the growth of the middle class.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of leisure time on American society.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which leisure time contributed to the growth of consumer culture.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which leisure time was used to promote political activism.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of leisure time on the future of American lifestyle trends.

America’s First Transcontinental Railroad

The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity.

In hopes of achieving ideals of self-su ciency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching.

As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources in the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent con ict.

The U.S. government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance with military force, eventually con ning American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty.

Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices.

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that contributed to the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of the railroad on the West.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which the railroad influenced economic growth in the West.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which the construction of the railroad led to conflict.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of the construction of the railroad on the development of the West.

Migrants in the West:

1. Briefly describe ONE factor that motivated migrants to move to rural areas of the West.
2. Briefly describe ONE way in which migrants contributed to the development of the West.
3. Briefly describe ONE situation in which competition for resources in the West became violent.
4. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of migrants on the American Indian population.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of migration on the development of communities in the West.

Violent Conflict in the West:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that led to violent conflict in the West.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of violent conflict on the development of the West.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which the government responded to violent conflict in the West.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which violent conflict was resolved peacefully.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of violent conflict on the relationships between different groups in the West.

American Indian Sovereignty:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that influenced U.S. government policies toward American Indians.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of government policies on American Indian sovereignty.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which American Indians attempted to resist government policies.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which American Indian sovereignty was recognized by the U.S. government.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of U.S. government policies on the preservation of American Indian cultures.

Self-Sustaining Economic Practices:

1. Briefly describe ONE factor that motivated American Indians to develop self-sustaining economic practices.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of self-sustaining economic practices on American Indian sovereignty.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which American Indians developed self-sustaining economic practices.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which self-sustaining economic practices were successful.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of self-sustaining economic practices on the preservation of American Indian cultures.

The Gilded Age

The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.

New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age.

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that contributed to the economic growth of the Gilded Age.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of the Gilded Age on American society.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which the Gilded Age led to public reform efforts.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which political debates in the Gilded Age were heated.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of the Gilded Age on the future of American politics.

Cultural and Intellectual Movements:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that inspired new cultural and intellectual movements during the Gilded Age.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of cultural and intellectual movements on American society.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which cultural and intellectual movements challenged the social order of the Gilded Age.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which cultural and intellectual movements were instrumental in political change.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of cultural and intellectual movements on the future of American art and literature.

Social Order of the Gilded Age:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that maintained the social order of the Gilded Age.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of the social order on American society.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which the social order of the Gilded Age was challenged.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which the social order of the Gilded Age was disrupted.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of the social order of the Gilded Age on the future of American social class.

Public Reform Efforts:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that inspired public reform efforts during the Gilded Age.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of public reform efforts on American society.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which public reform efforts led to political change.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which public reform efforts were successful.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of public reform efforts on the future of American political reform.

Political Debates:

1. Briefly describe ONE key factor that fueled political debates during the Gilded Age.
2. Briefly describe ONE perspective on the impact of political debates on American society.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which political debates affected economic policies of the Gilded Age.
4. Briefly describe ONE situation in which political debates led to significant legislative change.
5. Briefly describe ONE outcome of political debates on the future of American democracy.

Social Darwinism

Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable.
Briefly describe ONE key factor of Social Darwinism.

1. Briefly describe ONE event that contributed to the rise of Social Darwinism.
2. Briefly describe ONE reason why Social Darwinism was controversial.
3. Briefly describe ONE outcome of Social Darwinism.
4. Briefly describe ONE way in which Social Darwinism was used to justify inequality.

The Gospel of Wealth

Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate and improve society, as articulated in the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they made philanthropic contributions that enhanced educational opportunities and urban environments.

1. Briefly describe ONE idea that the Gospel of Wealth promoted.
2. Briefly describe ONE argument made by business leaders who supported the Gospel of Wealth.
3. Briefly describe ONE way in which philanthropic contributions supported by the Gospel of Wealth improved urban environments.
4. Briefly describe ONE way in which philanthropic contributions supported by the Gospel of Wealth enhanced educational opportunities.
5. Briefly describe ONE critique of the Gospel of Wealth and its impact on society.

The Social Gospel

A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed alternative visions for the economy and U.S. society.

1. Briefly describe ONE key concept of the Social Gospel.
2. Briefly describe ONE way in which advocates of the Social Gospel sought to promote social reform.
3. Briefly describe ONE critique of the Social Gospel and its impact on American society.
4. Briefly describe ONE example of how the Social Gospel influenced American politics or policy.
5. Briefly describe ONE influential figure associated with the Social Gospel movement.

Settlement House Movement

Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college, promoting social and political reform, and, like Jane Addams, working in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs.

1. Briefly describe ONE reason why many women joined voluntary organizations during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
2. Briefly describe ONE way in which women promoted social and political reform during this time period.
3. Briefly describe ONE key goal of the Settlement House Movement.
4. Briefly describe ONE challenge faced by immigrants in adapting to U.S. language and customs.
5. Briefly describe ONE impact of the Settlement House Movement on American society and culture during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation helped to mark the end of most of the political gains African Americans made during Reconstruction. Facing increased violence, discrimination, and scienti c theories of race, African American reformers continued to fight for political and social equality.

1. Briefly describe ONE Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation in the United States.
2. Briefly describe ONE impact of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision on political gains made by African Americans during Reconstruction.
3. Briefly describe ONE response of African American reformers to increased violence, discrimination, and scientific theories of race in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
4. Briefly describe ONE argument made by supporters of segregation during the Plessy v. Ferguson case.
5. Briefly describe ONE way in which the Plessy v. Ferguson decision influenced later civil rights movements in the United States.