A ChatGPT-Produced History of Education in America (1607–2015)

What every APUSH student must know, according to the CED

The history of education in America from 1607 to 2015 has been marked by significant changes and challenges, as the country has sought to provide quality education to all of its citizens.

In the early years of American history, education was largely informal and provided by families, churches, or private tutors. Formal education was limited to the wealthy, with only a small percentage of the population having access to schools.

The first public schools in America were established in the mid-19th century, as a result of the efforts of education reformers such as Horace Mann. These schools were intended to provide free, universal education to all children, regardless of their background or social class.

The 20th century saw a number of significant changes in American education, including the establishment of the National Education Association (NEA) in 1857, the passage of the Morrill Act in 1862, which provided federal funding for the establishment of land-grant colleges, and the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954, which declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

In the latter half of the 20th century, American education faced new challenges, including declining test scores, budget cuts, and a growing achievement gap between different groups of students. Efforts to reform the education system have included initiatives such as No Child Left Behind, which sought to improve student achievement through standardized testing, and Common Core, which aimed to establish consistent academic standards across the country.

The 21st century has brought new challenges and opportunities for American education, including the growth of online learning, increased emphasis on STEM education, and efforts to reduce the cost of higher education. The COVID-19 pandemic has also forced a major shift in education, with many schools and universities transitioning to remote learning in order to prevent the spread of the virus.

Despite these challenges, American education has made significant progress over the past several centuries, with increasing numbers of students having access to quality education at all levels.

Words/Terms/Phrases

The First Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a religious revival that occurred in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s. While it was primarily a religious movement, it also had a significant impact on education in the colonies.

The Great Awakening encouraged a greater emphasis on education and literacy, as religious leaders believed that individuals needed to be able to read the Bible in order to achieve salvation. As a result, new schools were established and existing ones were expanded, with a particular focus on teaching reading and writing.

One of the most notable educational leaders of the Great Awakening was the American theologian and preacher Jonathan Edwards. Edwards believed that education was essential for spiritual development, and he worked to establish new schools and promote literacy in the colonies.

The Great Awakening also had an impact on higher education, with the establishment of new colleges and universities. In 1746, Princeton University was founded in New Jersey, and several other colleges, including Brown University and Dartmouth College, were established in the years that followed.

Overall, the Great Awakening had a significant impact on education in the American colonies, helping to promote literacy and establish new schools and colleges. Its influence can still be felt in American education today, as the emphasis on literacy and the value of education continue to be important aspects of American culture.

The Northwest Ordinance (1787)

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a landmark law that helped to shape the history of education in America. The law established a framework for the organization and governance of new territories in the northwest region of the country, including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

One of the most important provisions of the Northwest Ordinance was its emphasis on education. The law stated that “schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged” in the new territories, and that a portion of the public lands in each township should be set aside for the support of public schools.

This emphasis on education was a reflection of the values and beliefs of the early American republic, which viewed education as a key to promoting democracy, citizenship, and social progress. The Northwest Ordinance helped to establish a model for public education in America, in which the government played a key role in promoting and supporting education.

In the years that followed the passage of the Northwest Ordinance, public schools were established in many parts of the country, and the importance of education as a means of promoting social progress and advancing democratic values continued to grow. Today, the legacy of the Northwest Ordinance can be seen in the ongoing commitment to public education in America, and in the continued efforts to promote education as a means of promoting social and economic equality.

Republican Motherhood (late 1700s and early 1800s)

Republican Motherhood was a cultural ideal that emerged in America during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It held that women had an important role to play in the education of their children, and that they had a responsibility to instill values of citizenship, patriotism, and virtue in the next generation.

The idea of Republican Motherhood had a significant impact on education in America, as it helped to promote the education of women and girls. While formal education for women was still limited in many parts of the country, the idea of Republican Motherhood encouraged women to become more involved in the education of their children and to advocate for greater access to education for themselves and other women.

In the early years of the Republic, the emphasis on Republican Motherhood led to the establishment of new schools and academies that were intended to provide education to both boys and girls. Women were also encouraged to take on roles as teachers and educators, helping to advance the cause of education in the United States.

Overall, Republican Motherhood played an important role in the history of education in America, as it helped to promote greater access to education for women and encouraged the development of a more egalitarian and democratic society. The legacy of Republican Motherhood can still be seen today in the emphasis on education as a means of promoting social progress and advancing the values of democracy and citizenship.

The Industrial Revolution (1800+)

The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century, had a profound impact on education in America. The growth of factories and the development of new technologies created a need for a more educated workforce, leading to significant changes in the way that education was delivered and viewed.

One of the most important changes that occurred during the Industrial Revolution was the growth of public education. The need for a literate and skilled workforce led to a greater emphasis on universal education, and new public schools were established across the country. These schools were intended to provide a basic education to all children, regardless of their social class or background.

The Industrial Revolution also led to the development of new teaching methods and technologies. The growth of printing and publishing made textbooks more affordable and accessible, while new technologies such as the chalkboard and the projector made it easier for teachers to deliver lessons to large groups of students.

Another important change that occurred during the Industrial Revolution was the growth of vocational and technical education. As the demand for skilled workers grew, vocational schools and apprenticeships were established to provide training in trades such as carpentry, metalworking, and machinery. These programs helped to prepare students for careers in the growing industrial economy.

Overall, the Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on the history of education in America, helping to promote greater access to education and to prepare students for the changing demands of the workforce. Its legacy can still be seen today in the emphasis on vocational and technical education, as well as in the continued growth of public education and the use of new technologies in the classroom.

Immigration (1800+)

Immigration has played a significant role in the history of education in America. Waves of immigrants from Europe and other parts of the world have brought with them their own cultures, languages, and educational traditions, which have influenced American education in a variety of ways.

One of the most important subtopics is “Americanization.” Americanization is a process by which immigrants to America are encouraged to adopt American cultural norms and values. It has had a significant impact on the history of education in America, particularly in the early 20th century.

During this time, many immigrants arrived in America with their own languages, cultures, and traditions. Educators and policymakers believed that these immigrants needed to be assimilated into American culture in order to become productive citizens and to contribute to American society. As a result, Americanization programs were established to help immigrants learn English and to adopt American values and customs.

One of the most important aspects of Americanization was the emphasis on English language instruction. Many immigrants arrived in America with limited English skills, and Americanization programs sought to teach them English as quickly as possible. In addition to language instruction, Americanization programs often included classes on American history and civics, as well as training in American customs and manners.

Americanization also had an impact on the curriculum in American schools. Immigrant cultures and histories were often excluded from the curriculum, in order to promote a more unified American identity. This led to criticism from some educators, who argued that Americanization programs were promoting cultural assimilation at the expense of diversity and tolerance.

Overall, Americanization has had a complex impact on the history of education in America. While it helped to promote greater unity and shared cultural values among immigrants and native-born Americans, it also contributed to the exclusion of immigrant cultures and histories from the curriculum. The legacy of Americanization can still be seen today in the ongoing debates about multiculturalism and assimilation in American education.

The “Father of American Public Education (c. 1840)

Horace Mann is often referred to as the “father of American public education” due to his contributions to the establishment of a public education system in the United States. Mann was a politician and educational reformer who served as the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education from 1837 to 1848.

During his tenure, Mann worked to establish a system of public schools that would be free and accessible to all children. He advocated for the importance of a common education that would instill democratic values and promote social cohesion, and he worked to standardize curriculum and teacher training.

Mann’s efforts helped to establish the idea of a public education system in the United States, and he played a significant role in promoting the idea that education should be a public good that benefits society as a whole. His advocacy for public education helped to pave the way for the development of a system of free, compulsory education that is now a cornerstone of American society.

The Morrill Act (1862)

The Morrill Act of 1862 was a federal law that granted land to states for the establishment of colleges focused on agriculture and the mechanical arts. The law had a significant impact on the history of education in America, as it helped to establish a new type of higher education institution focused on practical skills and scientific research.

The Morrill Act was passed during the Civil War and was intended to promote education and economic development in the United States. The law provided each state with 30,000 acres of federal land for each member of Congress from that state, which could be sold or used to establish colleges. The colleges were required to focus on agriculture, engineering, and other practical skills, and were intended to serve students who would not have access to traditional liberal arts colleges.

The Morrill Act led to the establishment of dozens of new colleges and universities across the country, known as “land-grant” institutions. These institutions provided students with practical skills and training in agriculture, engineering, and other fields, and were instrumental in promoting economic growth and development.

In addition to its impact on higher education, the Morrill Act also had broader implications for education in America. The law helped to establish the idea that education should be practical and relevant to the needs of society, and that educational opportunities should be accessible to a wider range of students.

Overall, the Morrill Act of 1862 was a significant piece of legislation in the history of education in America, as it helped to establish a new type of higher education institution focused on practical skills and scientific research, and paved the way for broader changes in educational philosophy and access.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (1865+)

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established primarily to serve the African American community. The history of HBCUs is closely tied to the history of education in America, and these institutions have played a significant role in promoting equal access to education for African American students.

HBCUs were first established in the years following the Civil War, during a period of significant social and political upheaval in the United States. These institutions provided African American students with opportunities for education and advancement that were often unavailable at other colleges and universities.

Over the years, HBCUs have faced significant challenges, including funding and resource shortages, and concerns about their ability to provide high-quality education. However, these institutions have also played a critical role in shaping the African American community and promoting social and economic progress.

Today, HBCUs continue to provide valuable educational opportunities for African American students, and remain an important part of the American educational landscape. Despite ongoing challenges, these institutions continue to play a critical role in promoting equality and access to education for all students.

The 14th Amendment (1868)

The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1868, in the aftermath of the Civil War. The amendment is one of the most significant and far-reaching in the history of American education, and has had a profound impact on the way that education is administered and funded in the United States.

The 14th Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law for all citizens, and has been interpreted to mean that all students have a right to equal access to educational opportunities. This has been a critical component in the fight for desegregation in schools and the push for greater equity in education.

The 14th Amendment has also played a significant role in the development of federal education policy in the United States. The Supreme Court has cited the amendment in a number of landmark cases related to education, including Brown v. Board of Education and Plyler v. Doe, both of which helped to break down legal barriers to equal access to education for all students.

Overall, the 14th Amendment has been a critical component of the history of education in America, and has helped to ensure that all students have access to the educational opportunities they need to succeed.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark Supreme Court decision in the history of education and civil rights in America. The case, which was decided in 1896, upheld the constitutionality of “separate but equal” public facilities, including schools, and legalized racial segregation in many areas of American life.

The case arose from a challenge to a Louisiana law that required separate railroad cars for white and black passengers. Homer Plessy, an African American man, deliberately violated the law by sitting in a “whites-only” railroad car and was arrested and charged with a crime. Plessy argued that the law violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

In its decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the Louisiana law was constitutional because it provided separate but equal facilities for white and black passengers. This decision had a major impact on education in America, as it allowed for the segregation of public schools based on race.

For decades after Plessy v. Ferguson, public schools in many parts of the country were segregated by race, with African American students attending separate schools that were often underfunded and inferior to those attended by white students. This system of segregation was not fully dismantled until the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, which declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

While the legacy of Plessy v. Ferguson is one of discrimination and inequality, the case also helped to galvanize the Civil Rights Movement and inspired many people to fight for equal rights and opportunities for all Americans, regardless of their race or ethnicity. The case serves as a reminder of the ongoing struggle for civil rights and social justice in America.

W.E.B Du Bois and Booker T. Washington (c. 1900)

W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington were two prominent African American leaders in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who had different views on the role of education in the advancement of African Americans.

Booker T. Washington believed that African Americans should focus on acquiring practical skills and vocational training in order to achieve economic success and independence. He believed that education should be tailored to the needs of African Americans and should be primarily focused on job training and entrepreneurship. Washington’s philosophy was influential in the establishment of vocational schools and training programs for African Americans.

W.E.B. Du Bois, on the other hand, believed that African Americans should have access to the same high-quality liberal arts and humanities, as well as vocational training. Du Bois argued that education was essential to promoting social and economic equality for African Americans and that access to quality education was a fundamental right.

The debate between Du Bois and Washington on the role of education in the advancement of African Americans was a central issue in the history of education in America. The debate reflected broader discussions about the purpose and value of education in American society, and the role of education in promoting social and economic mobility.

Despite their differences, both Du Bois and Washington played important roles in advancing education for African Americans. Washington’s emphasis on vocational training helped to establish new educational opportunities for African Americans, while Du Bois’s advocacy for a broader, liberal arts education helped to promote greater intellectual and cultural diversity.

Overall, the debate between Du Bois and Washington on the role of education in the advancement of African Americans helped to shape the history of education in America, and their legacies continue to influence discussions about education and social justice in the United States today.

The SAT (1926)

The SAT (formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test) is a standardized test that is used by many colleges and universities in the United States as part of their admissions process. The SAT has a long and complex history, and has played a significant role in the history of education in America.

The SAT was first introduced in 1926 as a way to standardize college admissions and provide a more objective measure of student readiness for college. The test initially focused on verbal and mathematical skills, and has since been expanded to include writing and critical reading sections.

Over the years, the SAT has faced criticism for its reliance on standardized testing and concerns about its ability to accurately measure student knowledge and abilities. Some argue that the test is biased against certain groups, such as low-income and minority students, who may not have had access to the same resources and preparation as their more affluent peers.

Despite its flaws, the SAT remains an important component of the college admissions process in the United States, and has played a significant role in shaping the way that colleges and universities evaluate student readiness and potential. The test continues to evolve and adapt to changing educational landscapes, and remains a controversial but essential part of the American educational system.

The GI Bill (1944)

The GI Bill, officially known as the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, was a landmark piece of legislation that had a profound impact on the history of education in America. The bill provided a range of benefits to returning World War II veterans, including access to education and training.

Under the GI Bill, veterans were provided with financial support to attend college or vocational school. The bill also provided for a subsistence allowance, which enabled veterans to support themselves and their families while attending school. The GI Bill was incredibly successful, with millions of veterans taking advantage of its educational benefits.

The impact of the GI Bill on education was significant. The bill helped to expand access to higher education for veterans, many of whom may not have otherwise had the opportunity to attend college. The GI Bill also helped to promote the growth of the American university system, with many colleges and universities expanding their programs and facilities to accommodate the influx of veterans.

The GI Bill also had a broader impact on American society, helping to promote greater social and economic mobility. Many veterans used their education benefits to pursue careers in fields such as medicine, law, and engineering, helping to drive innovation and economic growth.

Overall, the GI Bill had a profound impact on the history of education in America, expanding access to higher education and promoting greater social and economic mobility. The legacy of the GI Bill can still be seen today in the ongoing efforts to promote education as a means of promoting social and economic equality.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark Supreme Court decision in the history of education in America. The case, which was decided in 1954, declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional and marked a major victory for the Civil Rights Movement.

Prior to Brown v. Board of Education, public schools in many parts of the country were segregated by race, with African American students attending separate schools that were often underfunded and inferior to those attended by white students. The case was brought by a group of African American parents in Topeka, Kansas, who argued that the segregation of their children’s schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education was a major turning point in the fight against racial discrimination in America. The Court declared that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal,” and ordered that schools be desegregated “with all deliberate speed.”

Despite the Court’s ruling, however, many schools and communities resisted desegregation, leading to a prolonged struggle that lasted for several decades. The federal government eventually intervened, using its power to enforce desegregation and provide funding to support integration efforts.

The legacy of Brown v. Board of Education is still felt in American education today. While the case did not immediately lead to the end of segregation in public schools, it paved the way for other Civil Rights victories and helped to establish the principle of equal educational opportunities for all students, regardless of their race or ethnicity.

The Little Rock Nine (1957)

The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students who enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas in 1957, following the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The Little Rock Nine played a significant role in the history of education in America, as their enrollment was a pivotal moment in the fight for desegregation in schools.

Despite the Supreme Court’s ruling, many schools in the South remained segregated, and Little Rock Central High School was no exception. When the Little Rock Nine attempted to enroll, they were met with violent opposition from white segregationists, who protested their presence and even physically attacked them.

In response, President Eisenhower ordered federal troops to escort the students to school and ensure their safety. The Little Rock Nine faced ongoing harassment and discrimination throughout the school year, but their enrollment helped to break down legal barriers to integration and paved the way for further progress in desegregating schools across the country.

The Little Rock Nine also served as a symbol of courage and resilience in the face of bigotry and discrimination. Their enrollment in Little Rock Central High School was a turning point in the history of education in America, as it helped to demonstrate the importance of equal access to educational opportunities for all students, regardless of race or ethnicity.

The Launch of Sputnik (1957)

The launch of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, by the Soviet Union in 1957 had a profound impact on the history of education in America. The launch triggered a sense of national urgency in the United States, leading to a series of educational reforms and initiatives designed to improve science and math education.

In response to Sputnik, President Dwight D. Eisenhower established the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in 1958. The law provided funding for science and math education, as well as foreign language instruction and the training of science and math teachers. The NDEA also established a system of student loans to help more students attend college.

The launch of Sputnik and the subsequent educational reforms led to a renewed emphasis on science and math education in American schools. Curriculum changes were made to emphasize these subjects, and new instructional materials and teaching methods were developed to improve science and math instruction.

The impact of Sputnik on American education extended beyond science and math. The emphasis on education as a means of national defense and economic competitiveness helped to expand access to higher education and to promote greater social and economic mobility. The focus on foreign language instruction helped to prepare Americans for an increasingly globalized world.

Overall, the launch of Sputnik had a significant impact on the history of education in America, leading to a renewed emphasis on science and math education, greater access to higher education, and a broader focus on education as a means of national and economic security.

The Civil Rights Act (1965)

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. In terms of education, the Civil Rights Act played a critical role in breaking down the legal barriers to integration in schools and ensuring equal access to educational opportunities for all students.

Prior to the Civil Rights Act, many schools in the United States were segregated by law, with African American students attending separate, often underfunded and inferior schools. The act made it illegal to discriminate on the basis of race in any federally funded program or activity, including public schools. This provision paved the way for desegregation of schools across the country.

In addition to desegregation, the Civil Rights Act also helped to address the issue of unequal funding for schools. Title VI of the act prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any program or activity receiving federal funds. This provision was used to challenge the practice of providing unequal resources to schools serving predominantly minority students.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 paved the way for further progress in educational equity, including the passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) in 1965, which provided federal funding to support disadvantaged students, and the Title IX provision of the Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in education.

Overall, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a critical piece of legislation in the history of education in America, as it helped to dismantle legal barriers to integration and ensure equal access to educational opportunities for all students.

Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)

Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is a federal program that provides funding to schools with high percentages of low-income students. The program was first established in 1965 as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s “War on Poverty,” and has since become a major component of federal education policy in the United States.

The goal of Title I is to ensure that all students, regardless of their economic background, have access to a high-quality education. The program provides funding to schools with high percentages of low-income students, which can be used to support a variety of programs and services, such as reading and math interventions, professional development for teachers, and parent engagement initiatives.

Title I has had a significant impact on the history of education in America, as it has helped to address issues of inequality and provide resources and support to students who might not otherwise have access to high-quality educational opportunities. The program has also helped to promote greater equity in education by directing resources to the schools and students who need them the most.

Despite its successes, Title I has faced criticism over the years for its reliance on standardized testing and concerns about the quality of the programs and services it funds. However, the program remains an important component of federal education policy in the United States, and continues to provide critical support to students and schools across the country.

Title IX (1972)

Title IX is a federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity receiving federal funding. The law was enacted in 1972 as part of the Education Amendments and has since had a significant impact on the history of education in America.

Title IX was initially passed as a response to gender discrimination in athletics, but its reach extends far beyond sports. The law applies to all aspects of education, including admissions, curriculum, financial aid, and student services.

One of the most significant impacts of Title IX has been its role in promoting gender equity in education. The law requires educational institutions to provide equal opportunities for both male and female students and to ensure that all programs and activities are available to both sexes on an equal basis. This has resulted in increased opportunities for girls and women in areas such as sports, science, technology, engineering, and math.

Title IX has also been used to address sexual harassment and assault in schools and universities. The law requires institutions to have policies and procedures in place to address and prevent sexual harassment and assault, and to take action to address any reports of such behavior.

Despite its impact, Title IX has been controversial at times. Critics argue that the law has been used to unfairly disadvantage male students, particularly in the area of athletics. Others have criticized the law for its lack of attention to other forms of discrimination, such as race and disability.

Overall, however, Title IX remains a critical piece of legislation in the history of education in America, as it has helped to promote gender equity and address issues of sexual harassment and assault in schools and universities.

The No Child Left Behind Act (2002)

The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was a federal law passed in 2001 that aimed to improve educational outcomes for all students in the United States. The law had a significant impact on the history of education in America, although it has since been replaced by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) in 2015.

The NCLB law required all states to develop and administer annual standardized tests in reading and math for all students in grades 3–8. Schools were required to make “adequate yearly progress” on these tests, and those that consistently failed to meet their targets were subject to penalties, such as loss of funding or restructuring.

One of the main goals of NCLB was to close the achievement gap between different groups of students, such as students of color or students from low-income families. The law required schools to report their progress on this goal, and to take steps to address any disparities.

Critics of NCLB argued that the law placed too much emphasis on standardized testing and did not provide enough resources or support to schools struggling to meet their targets. They also argued that the law had a negative impact on the quality of education, as schools focused more on test preparation than on other forms of learning.

Despite its flaws, NCLB did have some positive impacts on education in America. The law helped to draw attention to the achievement gap and the need for schools to address disparities in educational outcomes. It also encouraged greater accountability and transparency in education, as schools were required to report their progress on a range of metrics.

Overall, the No Child Left Behind Act played an important role in the history of education in America, but its limitations and drawbacks ultimately led to its replacement by the Every Student Succeeds Act.

The Common Core Standards (2010)

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) are a set of educational standards for K-12 students in the United States that were first introduced in 2010. The standards were developed by a group of educators and state leaders as a way to provide a consistent and rigorous framework for learning across states.

In the history of education in America, the CCSS represent a significant shift in the way educational standards are developed and implemented. Prior to the CCSS, each state had its own set of standards, which could vary widely in terms of rigor and content. This made it difficult for students who moved from one state to another to receive a consistent education, and it made it difficult to compare educational outcomes across states.

The CCSS were designed to address these issues by establishing a common set of standards for learning in English language arts and mathematics. The standards are based on research and input from educators and are intended to be rigorous and challenging for students at each grade level.

Despite their intentions, the CCSS have been controversial since their introduction. Critics have argued that the standards are too prescriptive and limit teachers’ ability to create their own curricula. Others have criticized the standards’ emphasis on testing and their potential to exacerbate inequities in education.

Nevertheless, the CCSS have been adopted by a majority of states and have had a significant impact on education in America over the past decade. They continue to be a topic of debate and discussion in the field of education.

True/False Questions

1. The Morrill Act of 1862 established funding for agricultural and mechanical education in America. True.
2. The GI Bill provided educational benefits for returning World War I veterans. False.
3. The Brown v. Board of Education decision established separate but equal schools as constitutional. False.
4. The Plessy v. Ferguson decision legalized segregation in public schools. True.
5. The Great Awakening had no impact on education in America. False.
6. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 included provisions to desegregate public schools. True.
7. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits gender discrimination in education. True.
8. Horace Mann is known as the “father of American public education.” True.
9. The Common School Movement aimed to establish a common curriculum and standardize public education in America. True.
10. The Little Rock Nine were a group of African American students who integrated a high school in Arkansas in 1957. True.
11. The SAT was first administered in 1926. True.
12. The first HBCU (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) in America was established in Pennsylvania in 1837. False.
13. The Brown v. Board of Education decision was handed down by the Supreme Court in 1954. True.
14. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 in order to create a Great Society True.
15. True or False: Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act provides funding for schools with high percentages of low-income students. True.